International Labour Office [hereafter referred to as ILO], White Lead, Geneva, ILO, 1927, p. 27.
For a critical overview of the ILO and industrial health, see P. Weindling, ‘Social Medicine at the League of Nations Health Organisation and the International Labour Office Compared’, in P. Weindling (ed.), International Health Organisations and Movements, 1918-1939, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1995, pp. 134-53. On the early history of the ILO see D. P. Moynihan, ‘The Washington Conference of the International Labour Organisation,’ Labor History, 3, 1962, pp. 307-34; A. Alcock, History of the International Labor Organisation, New York, Octagon Books, 1971. Albert Thomas is silent on the White Lead Convention in his International Social Policy, Geneva, ILO, 1948.
International Health Organisations, and Movements, 1918-1939
134
53
See H. Heldal, ‘Norway in the International Labour Organization, 1919-1939’, Scandinavian Journal of History, 21, 4, 1996, pp. 255-83.
‘Norway in the International Labour Organization, 1919-1939’
Scandinavian Journal of History
21
255
83
The ILO, its ‘ban’ on white lead — while never specifying what the ‘ban’ on white lead exactly entailed — is discussed in D. E. Jacobs, ‘Lead-based Paint as a Major Source of Childhood Lead Poisoning: A Review of Evidence’, in M. E. Beard and S. D. Allen Iske (eds), Lead in Paint, Soil and Dust: Health Risks, Exposure Studies, Control Measures and Quality Assurance, ASTM STP 1226, Philadelphia, American Society for Testing and Materials, 1995, pp. 175-87; P. Reich, The Hour of Lead, Washington, Environmental Defense Fund, 1992, pp. 12-13. See also C. Warren, Brush with Death: A Social History of Lead Poisoning, Baltimore, Johns Hopkins University Press, 2000, pp. 62-3.
Lead in Paint, Soil and Dust: Health Risks, Exposure Studies, Control Measures and Quality Assurance, ASTM STP 1226
175
87
P. C. English, Old Paint: A Medical History of Childhood Lead-Paint Poisoning in the United States to 1980, New Brunswick, NJ, Rutgers University Press, 2001, pp. 46-8.
Old Paint: A Medical History of Childhood Lead-Paint Poisoning in the United States to 1980
46
8
V.-Y. Ghebali, The International Labour Organization: A Case Study on the Evolution of U. N. Specialized Agencies, Dordrecht, Martinus Nijhoff, 1989, p. 8.
The International Labour Organization: A Case Study on the Evolution of U. N. Specialized Agencies
8
See C. D. Holley, The Lead and Zinc Pigments, New York, John Wiley and Sons, 1909, pp. 122ff.
The Lead and Zinc Pigments
122ff
For statistics on the British Industry, see W. Tienes, Die Entwicklung der deutschen Bleiweiss-Industrie, Thesis, T. H. Munich, 1934, pp. 35-7.
10 T. M. Legge, Report on the Manufacture of Paints and Colours Containing Lead, London, H. M. S. O., 1905; T. M. Legge and K. W. Goadby, Lead Poisoning and Lead Adsorption, London, E. Arnold, 1912; T. Oliver, Diseases of Occupation, New York, E. P. Dutton, 1908.
White Lead and its Suppression for Interior Painting, Manchester, n.p., n.d.[1923?], p. 17.
Report of the Departmental Committee Appointed to Investigate the Danger Attendant on the Use of Paints Containing Lead in the Painting of Buildings, London, HMSO, 1915, repr., 1921.
James T. Shotwell, ‘The International Labor Organization as an Alternative to Violent Revolution,’ The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 166, March, 1933, pp. 18-25; E. J. Phelan, Yes and Albert Thomas, New York, Columbia University Press, 1949, pp. 1-177; ILO, The International Labour Organisation and the First Year of its Work, Geneva, ILO, 1921.
‘The International Labor Organization as an Alternative to Violent Revolution,’
The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science
166
18
25
League of Nations, International Labor Conference: First Annual Meeting, October 29, 1919—November 29, 1919, Washington, ILO, 1920, pp. 251-3.
International Labour Conference, Third Session. Geneva, 1921. Prohibition of the Use of White Lead in Painting. Item 3(b) of the Agenda, Geneva, ILO, 1921.
ILO, White Lead, 1927, pp. 28-9.
See M. Fine, ‘Albert Thomas: A Reformer's Vision of Modernization, 1914-1932’, Journal of Contemporary History, 12, 1977, pp. 545-64.
‘Albert Thomas: A Reformer's Vision of Modernization, 1914-1932’
Journal of Contemporary History
12
545
64
Without question, zinc oxide demanded considerable artisanal skill to apply, and extra coats of paint to achieve acceptable results. See P. Fleury, The Preparation and Uses of White Zinc Paints, trans, by Donald Grant, London, Scott, Greenwood, and Son, 1912, p. 4. By 1923 titanium pigments were just entering the market place; their manufacture in quantity and at acceptable cost remains more a question of meta-history, however, commercial processes remained difficult to develop. See Albert Thomas to Delvingne, File Hy/500/1/5, and Terrell's Paint and Varnish Co. to A. Thomas, 23 August 1923, File Hy/500/1/10, ILO Archives, Geneva.
The Preparation and Uses of White Zinc Paints
4
ILO, White Lead, 1927, p. 34.
Souris authored Tratté pratique de peinture industrielle, Louvain, n.p., 1901; La peinture au blanc de zinc, son employ Formulane de 100 dosages et preparations, Louvain, Fonteyn, 1902.
Hansard, 174, col. 2517.
International Labour Conference, Geneva, 1921, Item 6 [formerly iii(b)] of Agenda. Case Against Prohibition Stated by White Lead Makers of Europe, Geneva, 1921, p. 3. ‘Memorandum by White Lead Makers,’ File, ‘Lead Paint (Protection Against Poisoning) Act 1926,’ LAB 14/211, NA.
White Lead, 1927, p. 30. See also J. A. Gibson to Albert Thomas, 3 May 1921, File Hy/500/1/2, ILO.
ILO, White Lead, 1927, p. 384
F. L. Cantineau, La Ceruse devant la Conference Internationale du Travail, Paris, C. Beranger, 1922.
La Ceruse devant la Conference Internationale du Travail
International Labour Conference, Third Session Geneva, 1921, 11, pp. 732-3; Monthly Journal of the National Society of Painters, 2, July 1922, pp. 13-33.
ILO, White Lead, 1927, p. 404.
International Labour Conference, Conventions and Recommendations, 1919-1949, Geneva, ILO, 1949, pp. 56-60.
‘Sir Thomas Legge's Resignation and the Lead Paint Bill,’ The Nation and the Athenaeum, 40, 11 December 1926, pp. 382-3.
ILO, Year-Book, 1939-40, Geneva, ILO, 1940, end piece.
Report of the Governing Body of the International Labour Office Upon the Working of the Convention Concerning the Use of White Lead in Painting, Geneva, ILO, 1933, p. 4.
Monthly Journal of the National Society of Painters, 2, January, 1922, p.4.
Committee on Industrial Paints. Report of the Departmental Committee Appointed to Reexamine the Danger of Lead Paints to Workers in the Painting Trades, London, HMSO, 1923.
White Lead and its Suppression for Interior Painting, Manchester, n.p., n.d.[1923?], p. 13.
Monthly Journal of the National Society of Painters, 2, May 1923. p. 9.
Hansard, 155, col. 1835; 156, col. 825; 156, col.1047; 156, col. 2297; 163, col.1795; 163, col. 2425; 163, cols. 2419-2482.
Painters’ Colic: How Caused and How Best Prevented, HMSO, 1923.
‘Our Belgian Brothers of the Brush’, Monthly Journal of the National Society of Painters, 3, March 1924, P. 44.
Clipping, Thomas Oliver, ‘Lead Poisoning. Less Danger to Painters’, The Times, 22 May 1924, File ‘Lead Paint (Protection Against Poisoning) Act 1926’, National Archives, LAB 14/211, NA. Oliver's letter to The Times had a profound influence in Parliament debates of 20 June 1924. Hansard, 174, cols. 2512-13.
Clipping, Ben H. Morgan, ‘The Lead Paints Bill,’ Morning Post, 20 June 1924; Clipping, ‘White Lead Paints, Geneva Convention. For and Against Ratification’, The Times, 19 June 1924, File ‘White Lead Convention. Position as to Ratification’, LAB 2/919/IL133/1924/PTII, NA.
‘The Lead Paints Bill,’
Morning Post
Clipping, James Tarbit, ‘White Lead Paints,’ The Times, 20 June 1924, ibid.
‘White Lead Paints,’
The Times
Clipping, J. A. Gibson, ‘Lead Paints. Prohibition in Interior Decoration’, The Times, 4 June 1924, ibid.
‘Lead Paints. Prohibition in Interior Decoration’
The Times
Hansard, 174, cols. 2497-2570.
The Bill was officially withdrawn on 8 December, 1925. See Hansard, 189, col. 407.
Henderson's biographers are silent on this matter. See C. J. Wrigley, Arthur Henderson, Bath, GPC Books, 1990, pp. 144-54; F. M. Leventhal, Arthur Henderson, Manchester, Manchester University Press, 1989, pp. 126-32.
Arthur Henderson
144
54
Monthly Journal of the National Society of Painters, 4, June 1925, p. 11.
J. Scanlon, Decline and Fall of the Labour Party, London, Peter Davies, 1932, pp. 67-73. See also G. D. H. Cole, A History of the Labour Party from 1914, London, Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1978, pp. 156-71; K. Laybourn, A Century of Labour: A History of the Labour Party 1900-2000, Guildford, 2000, pp. 42-4; R. Taylor, ‘Labour In and Out of Government, 1923-1935’, in B. Brivati and R. Heffernan, (eds), The Labour Party: A Centennial History, New York, St Martin's Press, 2000, pp. 50-67.
Decline and Fall of the Labour Party
67
73
On Craissac, see Souvenir Offert Par La Maison Leclaire A La Cérémonie D'Admission Au Grade D'Officier Dans la Légion D'Honneur De Son Ami Abel Craissac Le 2 November 1929 N. P., n.p., 1929. On pressure groups, see John Freudentheil to Albert Thomas, 6 June 1924, File Hy 500/1/6, ILO.
British Industries, 7, 9 December 1924, p. 738.
Hansard, 182, col. 1828.
‘Memorandum by the Home Secretary, Lead Paint (Protection Against Poisoning) Bill, W. J. H., 6 April 1925,’ File, ‘Lead Paint (Protection against Poisoning) Act 1926, Draft’ LAB 14/218, NA. Hansard, 183, col. 469.
Hansard, 193, col. 56; 198, col. 2329; 198, cols 2921-2952.
Hansard, House of Lords, 65, cols 687-720; 65, cols 842-5.
Monthly Journal of the National Society of Painters, 6, September 1926, p. 9.
Sir W. W. Mackenzie, Report to His Majesty's Secretary of State for the Home Department on the Draft Regulations for Preventing Danger from Lead Paint, London, HMSO 1927, pp. 3-8.
Hansard, 203, cols 535-6; 209, cols 241-6. Extracts from Hansard (often mislabeled) were sent from M. R. K. Burge of the ILO Office in London to Geneva. File D 603/2000/25/2, ILO.
Mackenzie, Report to His Majesty's Secretary of State.
Home Secretary Clynes to Albert Thomas, 18 November 1930, File D603/2010/25/4, ILO. On Clynes, see J. R. Clynes, Memoirs, 1924-1937, London, Hutchinson & Co., 1937.
Memoirs, 1924-1937
National Amalgamated Society of Operative House and Ship Painters and Decorators, Minutes of the General Council Meeting held on June 13th to June 18th 1927, Manchester, Cooperative Printing Society, 1927.
See P. Bartrip, ‘The Rise and Decline of Workmen's Compensation’, in P. Weindling (ed.), The Social History of Occupational Health, London, Croom Helm, 1985, pp. 157-79.
The Social History of Occupational Health
157
79
ILO, Annual Review 1930, Geneva, ILO, 1931, p. 218.