Before Farming

Excavating the mitochondrial genome identifies major haplogroups in Aboriginal Australians

Before Farming (2006), 2006, (1), 1–26.

DOI
https://doi.org/10.3828/bfarm.2006.1.3
Language
English
Pages
26

Abstract

Mitochondrial genome sequence analysis of living Aboriginal Australians from the Darling River region of New South Wales and Yuendumu reveals five major maternal haplogroups reflecting deeper ancestral connections than identity with known language or culturally derived borders. Eight complete mitochondrial genome sequences and 41 that include hypervariable segments 1 & 2 and two coding regions, reveal several distinguishing variants which suggest common ancestry with global macrohaplogroups, all falling into a non-African clade in sequence trees. Haplogroup AuB belongs to global lineage ‘M’, and the others to ‘N’. Within N, AuA can be allocated to sub-division NS, AuD to NO, while AuC and AuE fall into haplogroup N(R)P. Wide geographical distribution of distinctive HVS1 types suggests a long presence in Australia, in agreement with archaeological evidence.

Characteristics of haplogroup MAuB support a proposed migration route into Australia through southern India and southeast Asia. However, Australian MAuB is distinguished from other ‘M’ lineages in neighbours to the near north and does not include any of the M sub-group ‘Q’ that is suggested to have expanded in Papua New Guinea (Friedlaender et al 2005). Within the large class of N, N(S)AuA is deep and widespread, and is likely to represent a founding lineage. N(R)P sequences group closely to some coastal and highland Papua New Guinea (PNG) sequences indicating ancient connections. PAuC includes several haplotypes likely to have expanded in the Darling River region since arrival and apparently separately from PAuE, which with N(O)AuD, is currently identified only in the north of the continent. Using coalescence analysis for the coding regions of the eight genomic sequences, we make estimates of time depth that support a continuity of presence for the descendants of a founding population already established by 40,000 years ago. Questions of migratory history and timing of possible founding events are raised although the possibility of founding groups that included diverse lineages cannot be ruled out.

Access Token

FormatArticle

£25.00
READ THIS ARTICLE
References
Full Text
PDF
If you have private access to this content, please log in with your username and password here

Adcock GJ, Dennis, ES, Easteal, S, Huttley, GA, Jermiin, L, Peacock, WJ & Thorne A 2001. Mitochondrial DNA sequences in ancient Australians: implications for modern human origins. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 98(2):537-542. Mitochondrial DNA sequences in ancient Australians: implications for modern human origins Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 98 537 542 Google Scholar

AIATSIS 2000. Guidelines for ethical research in Indigenous Studies. Canberra: Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies. http://www.aiatsis.gov.au Google Scholar

Anderson, S, Bankier, AT, Barrell, BG, de Bruijn, MHL, Coulson, AR, Drouin, J, Eperon, IC, Nierlich, D, Roe, B, Sanger, F, Schreier, P, Smith, AJ & Staden, RY 1981. Sequence and organization of the human mitochondrial genome. Nature 290:457-465 Sequence and organization of the human mitochondrial genome Nature 290 457 465 Google Scholar

Andrews RM, Kubacka, I, Chinnery, PF, Lightowlers, RN, Turnbull, DM & Howell, N 1999. Reanalysis and revision of the Cambridge sequence for human mitochondrial DNA. Nature Genetics 23(2):147. Reanalysis and revision of the Cambridge sequence for human mitochondrial DNA Nature Genetics 23 147 Google Scholar

Ballinger, SW, Schurr, TG, Torroni, A, Gan, YY, Hodge, JA, Hassan, K, Chen, K-H & Wallace, D 1992. Southeast Asian mitochondrial DNA analysis reveals genetic continuity of ancient mongoloid migrations. Genetics 130:139-152. Southeast Asian mitochondrial DNA analysis reveals genetic continuity of ancient mongoloid migrations Genetics 130 139 152 Google Scholar

Berndt, RM & Berndt, CH 1988. The world of the first Australians. Canberra: Aboriginal Studies Press. The world of the first Australians Google Scholar

Betty, DJ, Chin-Atkins, AN, Croft, L, Sraml, M & Easteal, S 1996. Multiple independent origins of the COII/tRNALys intergenic 9bp deletion in aboriginal Australians. American Journal of Human Genetics 58:428-433. Multiple independent origins of the COII/tRNALys intergenic 9bp deletion in aboriginal Australians American Journal of Human Genetics 58 428 433 Google Scholar

Birdsell, JB 1977. The recalibration of a paradigm for the first peopling of Greater Australia. In Allen, J, Golson, J & Jones, R (eds) Sunda and Sahul Prehistoric studies in southeast Asia, Melanesia and Australia. London: Academic Press:113-167. Sunda and Sahul Prehistoric studies in southeast Asia, Melanesia and Australia 113 167 Google Scholar

Birdsell, JB 1993. Microevolutionary patterns in aboriginal Australia. A gradient analysis of clines. New York: Oxford University Press. Microevolutionary patterns in aboriginal Australia. A gradient analysis of clines Google Scholar

Bowler, JM, Johnston, H, Olley, JM, Prescott, JR, Roberts, RG, Shawcross, W & Spooner, NA 2003. New ages for human occupation and climatic change at Lake Mungo, Australia. Nature 421:837-840. New ages for human occupation and climatic change at Lake Mungo, Australia Nature 421 837 840 Google Scholar

Brown, P, Sutikna, T, Morwood, MJ, Soejono, RP, Jatmiko, Wayhu Saptomo E & Rokus Awe Due 2004. A new small-bodied hominin from the Late Pleistocene of Flores, Indonesia. Nature 43:1055-1061. A new small-bodied hominin from the Late Pleistocene of Flores, Indonesia Nature 43 1055 1061 Google Scholar

Burger, G, Gray, MW & Lang, BF 2003. Mitochondrial genomes: anything goes. Trends in Genetics 19(12):709-716. Mitochondrial genomes: anything goes Trends in Genetics 19 709 716 Google Scholar

Cann, RL, Stoneking, M, & Wilson, AC 1987. Mitochondrial DNA and human evolution. Nature 325:31-61. Mitochondrial DNA and human evolution Nature 325 31 61 Google Scholar

Chen, Y-S, Torroni, A, Excoffier, L, Santachiara-Benerecetti, AS & Wallace, DC (1995). Analyis of mtDNA in African populations reveals the most ancient of all human continent-specific haplogroups. American Journal of Human Genetics 57:133-149. Analyis of mtDNA in African populations reveals the most ancient of all human continent-specific haplogroups American Journal of Human Genetics 57 133 149 Google Scholar

Clayton, DA 2000. Transcription and replication of mitochondrial DNA. In Jansen, RPS (ed) The bottleneck: gamete and embryo mitochondria in humans. Human Reproduction 15 (Supplement 2):11-17. The bottleneck: gamete and embryo mitochondria in humans Human Reproduction 15 11 17 Google Scholar

Christodoulou, J 2000. Genetic defects causing human mitochondrial respiratory chain disorders and disease. In Jansen, RP (ed) The bottleneck: gamete and embryo mitochondria in humans. Human Reproduction 15 (Supplement 2):28-43. The bottleneck: gamete and embryo mitochondria in humans Human Reproduction 15 28 43 Google Scholar

Cooper A, Drummond, AJ & Willerslev, E 2004. Ancient DNA: Would the real Neandertal please stand up? Current Biology 14:R431-R433. Ancient DNA: Would the real Neandertal please stand up? Current Biology 14 R431 R433 Google Scholar

Cummins, JM 2000. Fertilization and elimination of the paternal mitochondrial genome. In Jansen, RP (ed) The bottleneck: gamete and embryo mitochondria in humans. Human Reproduction 15 (Supplement 2):86-91 The bottleneck: gamete and embryo mitochondria in humans Human Reproduction 15 86 91 Google Scholar

Derbeneva, OA, Sukernik, RI, Volodko, NV, Hosseini, SH, Lott, MT & Wallace, D 2002. Analysis of mitochondrial DNA diversity in the Aleuts of the Commander Islands and its implications for the genetic history of Beringia. American Journal of Human Genetics 71:415-421. Analysis of mitochondrial DNA diversity in the Aleuts of the Commander Islands and its implications for the genetic history of Beringia American Journal of Human Genetics 71 415 421 Google Scholar

Di Rienzo, A & Wilson, AC 1991. Branching pattern in the evolutionary tree for human mitochondrial DNA. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 88:1597-1601. Branching pattern in the evolutionary tree for human mitochondrial DNA Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 88 1597 1601 Google Scholar

Dodson, M 2000. Human genetics: control of research and sharing of benefits. Australian Aboriginal Studies 1&2:56-64. Human genetics: control of research and sharing of benefits Australian Aboriginal Studies 1&2 56 64 Google Scholar

Elson, JL, Andrews, RM, Chinnery, PF, Lightowlers, RN, Turnbull, DM & Howell, N 2001. Analysis of European mtDNAs for recombination. American Journal of Human Genetics 68:145-153. Analysis of European mtDNAs for recombination American Journal of Human Genetics 68 145 153 Google Scholar

Elson, JL, Turnbull, DM & Howell, N 2004. Comparative genomics and the evolution of human mitochondrial DNA: assessing the effects of selection. American Journal of Human Genetics 74:229-238. Comparative genomics and the evolution of human mitochondrial DNA: assessing the effects of selection American Journal of Human Genetics 74 229 238 Google Scholar

Endicott, P, Gilbert, TP, Stringer, C, Lalueza-Fox, C, Willerslev, E, Hansen, AJ & Cooper, A 2003. American Journal of Human Genetics 72:178-184. American Journal of Human Genetics 72 178 184 Google Scholar

Forster, P, Torroni, A, Renfrew, C & Röhl, A 2001. Phylogenetic star contraction applied to Asian and Papuan mtDNA evolution. Molecular Biology and Evolution 18(10)1864-1881. Phylogenetic star contraction applied to Asian and Papuan mtDNA evolution Molecular Biology and Evolution 18 1864 1881 Google Scholar

Friedlaender, J, Schurr, T, Gentz, F, Koki, G, Friedlaender, F, Horvat, G, Babb, P, Cierchio, S, Kaestle, F, Schanfield, M, Deka, R, Yanagihara, R, & Merriwether, DA 2005. Expanding southwest Pacific mitochondrial haplogroups P and Q. Molecular Biology and Evolution 22(6):1506-1517. Expanding southwest Pacific mitochondrial haplogroups P and Q Molecular Biology and Evolution 22 1506 1517 Google Scholar

 Google Scholar

Garrigan, D, Mobasher, Z, Severson, T, Wilder, JA & Hammer, MF 2005. Evidence for archaic Asian ancestry on the human X chromosome. Molecular Biology and Evolution 22:189-192. Evidence for archaic Asian ancestry on the human X chromosome Molecular Biology and Evolution 22 189 192 Google Scholar

Griffiths, RC & Tavaré, S 1994a. Ancestral inference in population genetics. Statistical Science 9:307-319. Ancestral inference in population genetics Statistical Science 9 307 319 Google Scholar

Griffiths, RC & Tavaré, S 1994b. Sampling theory for neutral alleles in a varying environment. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society London B 344:404-410. Sampling theory for neutral alleles in a varying environment Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society London B 344 404 410 Google Scholar

Griziotis, G, Hawkins, C, Mackinlay, A, Crozier, RH 1987. Genetic variation in mitochondrial DNA from some aboriginal Australians. Australian Journal of Biological Sciences 40:171-80. Genetic variation in mitochondrial DNA from some aboriginal Australians Australian Journal of Biological Sciences 40 171 80 Google Scholar

Gutiérrez, G, Sanchez, D & Marin, A 2002. A reanalysis of the ancient mitochondrial DNA sequences recovered from Neandertal bones. Molecular Biology and Evolution 19(8):1359-1366. A reanalysis of the ancient mitochondrial DNA sequences recovered from Neandertal bones Molecular Biology and Evolution 19 1359 1366 Google Scholar

Hagelberg, E (2003). Recombination or mutation rate heterogeneity? Implications for mitochondrial Eve. Trends in Genetics 19(2):84-90. Recombination or mutation rate heterogeneity? Implications for mitochondrial Eve Trends in Genetics 19 84 90 Google Scholar

Harding, RM, Fullerton, SM, Griffiths, RC, Bond, J, Cox, MJ, Schneider, JA, Moulin, DS & Clegg, JB 1997. Archaic African and Asian lineages in the genetic ancestry of modern humans. American Journal of Human Genetics 60:772-789 Archaic African and Asian lineages in the genetic ancestry of modern humans American Journal of Human Genetics 60 772 789 Google Scholar

Harpending, H 2004. Book Review: Human Evolutionary Genetics by Jobling MA, Hurles ME and Tyler-Smith C. 2004. Journal of Human Evolution 47:383-384. Book Review: Human Evolutionary Genetics by Jobling MA, Hurles ME and Tyler-Smith C. 2004 Journal of Human Evolution 47 383 384 Google Scholar

Hey, J 1997. Mitochondrial and nuclear genes present conflicting portraits of human origins. Molecular Biology and Evolution 14:166-172. Mitochondrial and nuclear genes present conflicting portraits of human origins Molecular Biology and Evolution 14 166 172 Google Scholar

Horton, D (gen ed) 1994. The encyclopaedia of Aboriginal Australia, vol 2. Canberra: The Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies:934-936. The encyclopaedia of Aboriginal Australia 2 934 936 Google Scholar

Howell, N, Chinnery, PF, Ghosh, SS, Fahy, E & Turnbull, DM 2000. Transmission of the human mitochondrial genome. In Jansen, RPS (ed) The bottleneck: gamete and embryo mitochondria in humans. Human Reproduction 15 (Supplement 2):235-245. The bottleneck: gamete and embryo mitochondria in humans Human Reproduction 15 235 245 Google Scholar

HREOC (Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission) 1997. Bringing them home. Report of the National Inquiry into the separation of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander children from their families. Sydney: Australian Government Publishing Service, Commonwealth of Australia. Google Scholar

Huopenen, K, Schurr, TG, Chen, Y-S & Wallace, D 2001. Mitochondrial DNA variation in an Aboriginal Australian population: evidence for genetic isolation and regional differentiation. Human Immunology 62:954-969. Mitochondrial DNA variation in an Aboriginal Australian population: evidence for genetic isolation and regional differentiation Human Immunology 62 954 969 Google Scholar

Ingman, M 2005. MtDB. http://www.genpat.uu.se/mtDB/ Google Scholar

Ingman, M & Gyllensten, U 2006. mtDB: Human Mitochondrial Genome Database, a resource for population genetics and medical sciences. Nucleic Acids Research 34, D749-D751. mtDB: Human Mitochondrial Genome Database, a resource for population genetics and medical sciences Nucleic Acids Research 34 D749 D751 Google Scholar

Ingman, M, Kaessman, H, Pääbo, S & Gyllensten, U 2000. Mitochondrial genome variation and the origin of modern humans. Nature 408:708-713. Mitochondrial genome variation and the origin of modern humans Nature 408 708 713 Google Scholar

Ingman, M & Gyllensten, U 2003. Mitochondrial genome variation and evolutionary history of Australian and New Guinean aborigines. Genome Research 13:1600-1606. Mitochondrial genome variation and evolutionary history of Australian and New Guinean aborigines Genome Research 13 1600 1606 Google Scholar

Jansen, RPS (ed) 2000a. The bottleneck: gamete and embryo mitochondria in humans. Human Reproduction 15 (Supplement 2). The bottleneck: gamete and embryo mitochondria in humans Human Reproduction 15 Google Scholar

Jansen, RPS 2000b. Origin and persistence of the mitochondrial genome. In Jansen, RPS (ed) The bottleneck: gamete and embryo mitochondria in humans. Human Reproduction 15 (Supplement 2): 1-10. The bottleneck: gamete and embryo mitochondria in humans Human Reproduction 15 1 10 Google Scholar

Kirk, RL 1981. Aboriginal man adapting. Oxford: The Clarendon Press. Aboriginal man adapting Google Scholar

Kirk, RL 1989. Population genetic studies in the Pacific: red cell antigen, serum protein, and enzyme studies. In Serjeantson, AVS & Serjeantson, SW (eds) The colonization of the Pacific a genetic trail. Oxford: The Clarendon Press:61-119. The colonization of the Pacific a genetic trail 61 119 Google Scholar

Kivisild, T, Rootsi, S, Metspalu, M, Mastana, S, Kaldma, K, Parik, J, Metspalu, E, Adojaan, M, Tolk, H-V, Stepanov, V, Gölge, M, Usanga, E, Papiha, SS, Cinniolu, C, King, R, Cavalli-Sforza, L, Underhill, PA & Villems, R 2003. The genetic heritage of the earliest settlers persists in both Indian tribal and caste populations. American Journal of Human Genetics 72, 313-332. The genetic heritage of the earliest settlers persists in both Indian tribal and caste populations American Journal of Human Genetics 72 313 332 Google Scholar

Kong, Q-P, Yau, Y-G, Sun, C, Bandelt, H-J, Zhu, CL & Zhang, Y-P 2003. Phylogeny of East Asian mitochondrial lineages inferred from complete sequences. American Journal of Human Genetics 73:671-676. Phylogeny of East Asian mitochondrial lineages inferred from complete sequences American Journal of Human Genetics 73 671 676 Google Scholar

Krings, M, Stone, A, Schmitz, RW, Krainitzki, H, Stoneking, M & Pääbo, S 1997. Neandertal DNA sequences and the origin of modern humans. Cell 90:19-30. Neandertal DNA sequences and the origin of modern humans Cell 90 19 30 Google Scholar

Krings, M, Geisert, H, Schmitz, RW, Krainitzki, H & Pääbo, S 1999. DNA sequence of the mitochondrial hypervarriable region II from the Neandertal type specimen. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 96:5581-5585. DNA sequence of the mitochondrial hypervarriable region II from the Neandertal type specimen Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 96 5581 5585 Google Scholar

Krings, M, Capelli, C, Tschentscher, F, Geisert, H, Meyer, S, von Haessler, K, Grossschmidt, K, Posnert, G, Paunovic, M & Pääbo, S 2000. A view of Neandertal genetic diversity. Nature Genetics 26:144-145. A view of Neandertal genetic diversity Nature Genetics 26 144 145 Google Scholar

Kumar, S, Tamura, K, Jakobsen, I & Nei, M 2001. MEGA2: Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis software, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA. MEGA2: Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis software Google Scholar

Lum, JK, Rickards, O, Ching, C & Cann, RL 1994. Polynesian mitochondrial DNAs reveal three deep maternal lineage clusters. Human Biology 66:567-590. Polynesian mitochondrial DNAs reveal three deep maternal lineage clusters Human Biology 66 567 590 Google Scholar

Macaulay, V, Richards, M, Hickey, E, Vega, E, Cruciani, F, Guida, V, Scozzari, R, Bonne-Tamir, B, Sykes, B & Torroni, A 1999. The emerging tree of west Eurasian mtDNAs: a synthesis of control-region sequences and RFLPs. American Journal of Human Genetics 64:232-249. The emerging tree of west Eurasian mtDNAs: a synthesis of control-region sequences and RFLPs American Journal of Human Genetics 64 232 249 Google Scholar

Macaulay, V, Hill, C, Achilli, A, Rengo, C, Clarke, D, Meehan, W, Blackburn, J, Semino, O, Scozzari, R, Cruciani, F, Taha, A, Shaari, NK, Raja, JM, Ismail, P, Zainuddin, Z, Goodwin, W, Bulbeck, D, Bandelt, H-J, Oppenheimer, S, Torroni, A, & Richards, M 2005. Single, rapid coastal settlement of Asia revealed by analysis of complete mitochondrial genomes. Science 308:1034-1036. Single, rapid coastal settlement of Asia revealed by analysis of complete mitochondrial genomes Science 308 1034 1036 Google Scholar

Merriwether, DA, Hodgson, JA, Friedlaender, FR, Allaby, R, Cerchio, S, Koki, G & Friedlaender, JS 2005. Ancient mitochondrial M haplogroups identified in the Southwest Pacific. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 102(37):13034-13039. Ancient mitochondrial M haplogroups identified in the Southwest Pacific Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 102 13034 13039 Google Scholar

Mishmar, D, Ruiz-Pesini, E, Golik, P, Macaulay, V, Clark, AG, Hosseini, S, Brandon, M, Easley, K, Chen, E, Brown, MD, Sukernik, RI, Olkers, A & Wallace, D 2003. Natural selection shaped regional mtDNA variation in humans. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 100(1):171-176. Natural selection shaped regional mtDNA variation in humans Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 100 171 176 Google Scholar

Mitokor 2004. http://www.mitokor.com/science/ Google Scholar

Mitomap 2005. A Human Mitochondrial Genome Database. http://www.mitomap.org Google Scholar

Moilanen, JS & Majamaa, K 2003. Phylogenetic network and physicochemical properties of nonsynonymous mutations in the protein-coding genes of human mitochondrial DNA. Molecular Biology and Evolution 20(8):1195-1210. Phylogenetic network and physicochemical properties of nonsynonymous mutations in the protein-coding genes of human mitochondrial DNA Molecular Biology and Evolution 20 1195 1210 Google Scholar

NHMRC 1999. National statement on ethical conduct in research involving humans. Canberra: National Health and Medical Research Council, Commonwealth of Australia. http://www.health.gov.au/nhmrc/issues/humanethics.htm Google Scholar

Nordborg, M 1998. On the probability of Neandertal ancestry. American Journal of Human Genetics 63:1237-1240. On the probability of Neandertal ancestry American Journal of Human Genetics 63 1237 1240 Google Scholar

Ovchinnikov, IV, Gotherstrom, GO, Romanova, VM, Kharitonov, K, Liden, K & Goodwin, W 2000. Molecular analysis of Neandertal DNA from the northern Caucasus. Nature 404:490-493. Molecular analysis of Neandertal DNA from the northern Caucasus Nature 404 490 493 Google Scholar

Palanichamy, MG, Sun, C, Agrawal, S, Bandelt, HJ, Kong, Q-P, Khan, F, Wang, C-Y, Chaudhri, TK, Palla, V & Zhang, Y-P 2004. Phylogeny of mitochondrial DNA macrohaplogroup N in India, based on complete sequencing: implications for the peopling of south Asia. American Journal of Human Genetics 75:966-978. Phylogeny of mitochondrial DNA macrohaplogroup N in India, based on complete sequencing: implications for the peopling of south Asia American Journal of Human Genetics 75 966 978 Google Scholar

Pardoe, C 2003. The Menindee Lakes: a regional archaeology. Archaeology in Oceania 57:42-53. The Menindee Lakes: a regional archaeology Archaeology in Oceania 57 42 53 Google Scholar

Passarino, G, Semino, O, Bernini, LF & Santachiara-Benerecetti, AS 1996. Pre-Caucasoid and Caucasoid genetic features of the Indian population, revealed by mtDNA polymorphisms. American Journal of Human Genetics 59:927-934. Pre-Caucasoid and Caucasoid genetic features of the Indian population, revealed by mtDNA polymorphisms American Journal of Human Genetics 59 927 934 Google Scholar

Passarino, G, Semino, O, Quintana-Murci, L, Excoffier, L, Hammer, M & Santachiara-Benerecetti, AS 1998. Different genetic components in the Ethiopian population, identified by mtDNA and Y-chromosome polymorphisms. American Journal of Human Genetics 62:420-434. Different genetic components in the Ethiopian population, identified by mtDNA and Y-chromosome polymorphisms American Journal of Human Genetics 62 420 434 Google Scholar

Presser, JC, Deverell, AJ, Redd, A & Stoneking, M 2002.Tasmanian Aborigines and DNA. Papers and Proceedings of the Royal Society of Tasmania, 136:35-38. Tasmanian Aborigines and DNA 136 35 38 Google Scholar

Quintana-Murci, L, Semino, O, Bandelt, H-J, Passarino, G, McElreavey, K & Santachiara-Benerecetti, AS 1999. Genetic evidence of an early exit of Homo sapiens sapiens from Africa through eastern Africa. Nature Genetics 23:437-441. Genetic evidence of an early exit of Homo sapiens sapiens from Africa through eastern Africa Nature Genetics 23 437 441 Google Scholar

Redd, AJ, Takezaki, N, Sherry, ST, McGarvey, ST, Sofro, ASM & Stoneking, M 1995. Evolutionary history of the COII/tRNALys intergenic 9 base pair deletion in human mitochondrial DNAs from the Pacific. Molecular Biology and Evolution 12(4):604-615. Evolutionary history of the COII/tRNALys intergenic 9 base pair deletion in human mitochondrial DNAs from the Pacific Molecular Biology and Evolution 12 604 615 Google Scholar

Redd, AJ & Stoneking, M 1999. Peopling of Sahul: mtDNA variation in aboriginal Australian and Papua New Guinean populations. American Journal of Human Genetics 65:808-828. Peopling of Sahul: mtDNA variation in aboriginal Australian and Papua New Guinean populations American Journal of Human Genetics 65 808 828 Google Scholar

Redd, AJ, Roberts-Thomson, J, Karafet, T, Bamshad, M, Jorde, LB, Naidu, JM, Walsh, B & Hammer, MF 2002. Gene flow from the Indian subcontinent to Australia: evidence from the Y chromosome. Current Biology 12:673-677. Gene flow from the Indian subcontinent to Australia: evidence from the Y chromosome Current Biology 12 673 677 Google Scholar

Richards, M, Macaulay, V, Hickey, E, Vega, E, Sykes, B, Guida, V, Rengo, C, Sellitto, D, Cruciani, F, Kivisild, T, Villems, R, Thomas, M, Rychkov, S, Rychkov, O, Rychkov, Y, Gölge, M, Dimitrov, D, Hill, E, Bradley, D, Romano, V, Calí, F, Vona, G, Demaine, A, Papiha, S, Triantaphyllidis, C, Stefanescu, G, Hatina, J, Belledi, M, Di Rienzo, A, Novelletto, A, Oppenheim, A, Nørby, S, Al-Zaheri, N, Santachiara-Benerecetti, S, Scozzaria, R, Torroni, A & Bandelt, H-J 2000. Tracing European founder lineages in the Near Eastern mtDNA pool. American Journal of Human Genetics 67:1251-1276. Tracing European founder lineages in the Near Eastern mtDNA pool American Journal of Human Genetics 67 1251 1276 Google Scholar

Ruiz-Pesini, E, Mishmar, D, Brandon, M, Procaccio, V & Wallace, DC 2004. Effects of purifying and adaptive selection on regional variation in human mtDNA. Science 303:223-226. Effects of purifying and adaptive selection on regional variation in human mtDNA Science 303 223 226 Google Scholar

Ryan, L 1996. The Aboriginal Tasmanians. Second Edition. St Leonard's NSW: Allen and Unwin The Aboriginal Tasmanians Google Scholar

Savolainen, P, Leitner, T, Wilton, A, Matisoo-Smith, E & Lundeberg, J 2004. A detailed picture of the origin of the Australian dingo, obtained from the study of mitochondrial DNA. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 101(33):12387-12390. A detailed picture of the origin of the Australian dingo, obtained from the study of mitochondrial DNA Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 101 12387 12390 Google Scholar

Schurr, TG, Ballinger, SW, Gan, YY, Hodge, JA, Merriwether, DA, Lawrence, DN & Knowler, WC, Weiss, KM & Wallace, DC 1990. Amerindian mitochondrial DNAs have rare Asian mutations at high frequencies, suggesting they derived from four primary maternal lineages. American Journal of Human Genetics 46:613-623. Amerindian mitochondrial DNAs have rare Asian mutations at high frequencies, suggesting they derived from four primary maternal lineages American Journal of Human Genetics 46 613 623 Google Scholar

Shoubridge, EA 2000. Mitochondrial DNA segregation in the developing embryo. In Jansen, RPS (ed) The bottleneck: gamete and embryo mitochondria in humans. Human Reproduction 15 (Supplement 2): 229-234. The bottleneck: gamete and embryo mitochondria in humans Human Reproduction 15 229 234 Google Scholar

Slack, MJ, Fullagar, RLK, Field, JH & Border, A 2004. New Pleistocene ages for backed artefact technology in Australia. Archaeology in Oceania 39:131-137. New Pleistocene ages for backed artefact technology in Australia Archaeology in Oceania 39 131 137 Google Scholar

Sturt, C 1833. Two expeditions into the interior of southern Australia. [First published Smith, Elder & Co.] First edition by Corkwood Press, North Adelaide, South Australia 1999. Two expeditions into the interior of southern Australia Google Scholar

Thangaraj, K, Chaubey, G, Kivisild, T, Reddy, AG, Singh, VK, Rasalkar, AA & Singh L 2005. Reconstructing the origin of Andaman Islanders. Science 308:996 Reconstructing the origin of Andaman Islanders Science 308 996 Google Scholar

Thorne, AG, Grün, R, Mortimer, G, Spooner, NA, Simpson, JJ, McCulloch, M, Taylor, L & Curnoe, D 1999. Australia's oldest remains: age of Lake Mungo 3 skeleton. J Hum Evol 36(6):591-612. Australia's oldest remains: age of Lake Mungo 3 skeleton J Hum Evol 36 591 612 Google Scholar

Tommaseo-Ponzetta, M, Attimonelli, M, De Robertis, M, Tanzariello, F & Saccone, C 2002. Mitochondrial DNA variability of west New Guinea populations. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 117:49-67. Mitochondrial DNA variability of west New Guinea populations American Journal of Physical Anthropology 117 49 67 Google Scholar

Torroni, A, Schurr, TG, Yang, C-C, Szathmary, EJE, Williams, RC, Schanfield, MS, Troup, GA, Knowler, WC, Lawrence, DN, Weiss, KM & Wallace, DC 1992. Native American mitochondrial DNA analysis indicates that the Amerind and the Nadene were founded by two independent migrations. Genetics 130:153-162. Native American mitochondrial DNA analysis indicates that the Amerind and the Nadene were founded by two independent migrations Genetics 130 153 162 Google Scholar

Torroni, A, Schurr, TG, Cabell, MF, Brown, MD, Neel, JV, Larsen, M, Smith, DG, Vullo, CM & Wallace, DC 1993a. Asian affinities and continental radiation of the four founding native American mtDNAs. American Journal of Human Genetics 53:563-590. Asian affinities and continental radiation of the four founding native American mtDNAs American Journal of Human Genetics 53 563 590 Google Scholar

Torroni, A, Sukernik, RI, Schurr, TG, Starikovskaya, YB, Cabell, MF, Crawford, MH, Comuzzie, AG & Wallace, DC 1993b. MtDNA variation of aboriginal Siberians reveals distinct genetic affinities with native Americans. American Journal of Human Genetics 53:591-608. MtDNA variation of aboriginal Siberians reveals distinct genetic affinities with native Americans American Journal of Human Genetics 53 591 608 Google Scholar

Trudgeon, R 2000. Why warriors lie down and die. Aboriginal Resource and Development Services Inc Darwin. Why warriors lie down and die Google Scholar

van Holst Pellekaan, SM 1991. Commissioned report for the Australian Museum. Aboriginal Remains from the Cairns Rainforest Region, Queensland. i. Technical Report. ii. Community Report. Australian Museum, Sydney. Google Scholar

 Google Scholar

 Google Scholar

van Holst Pellekaan, SM, Frommer, M, Sved, JA & Boettcher, B 1998. Mitochondrial control region sequence variation in aboriginal Australians. American Journal of Human Genetics 62:435-449. Mitochondrial control region sequence variation in aboriginal Australians American Journal of Human Genetics 62 435 449 Google Scholar

van Holst Pellekaan, SM 2000. Genetic research: what does this mean for Indigenous Australian communities? Journal of Australian Aboriginal Studies 1&2:65-75. Genetic research: what does this mean for Indigenous Australian communities? Journal of Australian Aboriginal Studies 1&2 65 75 Google Scholar

van Holst Pellekaan, SM, Ingman, M, Roberts-Thomson, J, & Harding, RM 2006 published online. Mitochondrial genomics identifies major haplogroups in Aboriginal Australians. American Journal of Physical Anthropology. Mitochondrial genomics identifies major haplogroups in Aboriginal Australians American Journal of Physical Anthropology. Google Scholar

Vigilant, L, Pennington, R, Harpending, H, Kocher, TD & Wilson, AC 1989. Mitochondrial DNA sequences in single hairs from a southern African population. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 86:9350-9354. Mitochondrial DNA sequences in single hairs from a southern African population Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 86 9350 9354 Google Scholar

Vigilant, L, Stoneking, M, Harpending, H, Hawkes, K, & Wilson, AC 1991. African populations and the evolution of human mitochondrial DNA. Science 253:1503-1507. African populations and the evolution of human mitochondrial DNA Science 253 1503 1507 Google Scholar

Wallace, DC, Brown, MD & Lott, MT 1999. Mitochondrial DNA variation in human evolution and disease. Gene 238:211-230. Mitochondrial DNA variation in human evolution and disease Gene 238 211 230 Google Scholar

Walter, RC, Buffler, RT, Bruggemann, JH, Guillaume, MMM, Berhe, SM, Negassi, B, Libsekal, Y, Cheng, H, Edwards, RL, von Cosel, R, Neraudeau, D & Gagnon, M 2000. Early human occupation of the Red Sea coast of Eritrea during the 1st interglacial. Nature 405(6782):65-69. Early human occupation of the Red Sea coast of Eritrea during the 1st interglacial Nature 405 65 69 Google Scholar

Ward, RH, Frazier, BL, Dew-Jager, K & Pääbo, S 1991. Extensive mitochondrial diversity within a single Amerindian tribe. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 88:8720-8724. Extensive mitochondrial diversity within a single Amerindian tribe Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 88 8720 8724 Google Scholar

Ward, RH, Redd, A, Valencia, D, Frazier, B & Pääbo, S 1993. Genetic and linguistic differentiation in the Americas. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 90:10663-10667. Genetic and linguistic differentiation in the Americas Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 90 10663 10667 Google Scholar

Watson, E, Bauer, K, Aman, R, Weiss, G, von Haeseler, A & Pääbo, S 1996. mtDNA sequence diversity in Africa. American Journal of Human Genetics 59:437-444. mtDNA sequence diversity in Africa American Journal of Human Genetics 59 437 444 Google Scholar

Watson, E, Forster, P, Richards, M & Bandelt, H-J 1997. Mitochondrial footprints of human expansion in Africa. American Journal of Human Genetics 61:691-704. Mitochondrial footprints of human expansion in Africa American Journal of Human Genetics 61 691 704 Google Scholar

Yao, Y-G, Kong, Q-P, Bandelt, H-J, Kivisild, T & Zhang, Y-P 2002. Phylogeographic differentiation of mitochondrial DNA in Han Chinese. American Journal of Human Genetics 70:635-651. Phylogeographic differentiation of mitochondrial DNA in Han Chinese American Journal of Human Genetics 70 635 651 Google Scholar

If you have private access to this content, please log in with your username and password here

Details

Author details

van Holst Pellekaan, Sheila

Harding, Rosalind