Measuring sustainability

Town Planning Review (2015), 86, (4), 457–482.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3828/tpr.2015.28
Language: English
Pages: 26

Abstract

Planning for sustainability is high on many agendas, and tools to measure sustainability have been developed. Sustainable processes are those whose rates are maintained over time without exceeding the innate ability of its surroundings to support the process. We present the necessary conditions along with a new algorithm for measuring the sustainability of processes that integrates the laws of thermodynamics with laws for rate processes. The algorithm permits the assessment of the degree of sustainability of any process, whether ecological, economic, or social, as well as chemical or biological. It is a dynamic approach that applies at any scale and takes into consideration the spatial and temporal factors of processes, thus permitting empirical applications that correspond to real world (dynamic, complex, evolving) conditions across space and time. These characteristics make it especially suitable for applications in the field of spatial planning.

FormatArticle

£25.00

READ THIS ARTICLE

If you have private access to this content, please log in with your username and password here

ALBERTI, M. (1996), ‘Measuring urban sustainability’, Environmental Impact Assessment Review, 16, 381–424. Measuring urban sustainability Environmental Impact Assessment Review 16 381 424 Google Scholar

ALBERTI, M. (2008), Advances in Urban Ecology: Integrating Human and Ecological Processes in Urban Ecosystems, New York, Springer. Advances in Urban Ecology: Integrating Human and Ecological Processes in Urban Ecosystems Google Scholar

ARGYRIS, C. and SCHÖN, D. (1978), Organizational Learning: A Theory of Action Perspective, New York, Addison-Wesley. Organizational Learning: A Theory of Action Perspective Google Scholar

ARVESEN, A., LIU, J., and HERTWICH, E. (2010), ‘Energy cost of living and associated pollution for Beijing residents’, Journal of Industrial Ecology, 14, 890–901. Energy cost of living and associated pollution for Beijing residents Journal of Industrial Ecology 14 890 901 Google Scholar

ATKIN, T. and RYKWERT, J. (eds) (2005), Structure and Meaning in Human Settlements, Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archeology and Anthropology. Structure and Meaning in Human Settlements Google Scholar

AYRES, R. and AYRES, L. (1996), Industrial Ecology: Closing the Materials Cycle, Cheltenham, UK, Edward Elgar. Industrial Ecology: Closing the Materials Cycle Google Scholar

BAGHERI, A. and HJORTH, P. (2007), ‘Planning for sustainable development: a paradigm shift towards a process-based approach’, Sustainable Development, 15, 83–96. Planning for sustainable development: a paradigm shift towards a process-based approach Sustainable Development 15 83 96 Google Scholar

BALMFORD, A., BENNUN, L., TEN BRINK, B., COOPER, D., CÔTÉ, I. M., CRANE, P., ... & WALTHER, B. A. (2005), ‘The convention on biological diversity’s 2010 target’, Science, 307, 212–3. The convention on biological diversity’s 2010 target Science 307 212 3 Google Scholar

BELL, S. and MORSE, S. (2003), Measuring Sustainability, London, Earthscan. Measuring Sustainability Google Scholar

BETTENCOURT, L., LOBO, J., STRUMSKY, D., WEST, G. B. (2010), ‘Urban scaling and its deviations: revealing the structure of wealth, innovation and crime across cities, PLoS ONE, 5, e13541, DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0013541. Urban scaling and its deviations: revealing the structure of wealth, innovation and crime across cities PLoS ONE, 5, e13541 5 Google Scholar

BIRD, R. B., STEWART, W. E., and LIGHTFOOT, E. N. (2002), Transport Phenomena, 2nd edition, New York, Wiley and Sons. Transport Phenomena, 2nd edition Google Scholar

BLACK, S. and STEINER, F. (eds) (2008), Emergent Urbanism: Evolution in Urban Form, Austin, University of Texas School of Architecture. Emergent Urbanism: Evolution in Urban Form Google Scholar

BRANDON, P. and LOMBARDI, P. (2011), Evaluating Sustainable Development in the Built Environment, Chichester, UK, Wiley-Blackwell. Evaluating Sustainable Development in the Built Environment Google Scholar

BREHENY, M. (ed.) (1992), Sustainable Development and Urban Form, London, Pion. Sustainable Development and Urban Form Google Scholar

CAMPBELL, S. (1996), ‘Green cities, growing cities, just cities? Urban planning and the contra- dictions of sustainable development’, Journal of the American Planning Association, 62, 296–312. Green cities, growing cities, just cities? Urban planning and the contra- dictions of sustainable development Journal of the American Planning Association 62 296 312 Google Scholar

CAPELLO, R. and NIJKAMP, P. (2002), ‘In search of sustainable human settlements’, Ecological Economics, 40, 151–55. In search of sustainable human settlements Ecological Economics 40 151 55 Google Scholar

CARBON DISCLOSURE PROJECT (2012), Measurement for Management: CDP Cities 2012 Global Report, London, Carbon Disclosure Project. CARBON DISCLOSURE PROJECT (2012) Measurement for Management: CDP Cities 2012 Global Report Google Scholar

CAPRA, F. (2002), The Hidden Connections: A Science for Sustainable Living, New York, Doubleday. The Hidden Connections: A Science for Sustainable Living Google Scholar

CARBON DISCLOSURE PROJECT (2012), Measurement for Management: CDP Cities 2012 Global Report, London, Carbon Disclosure Project. CARBON DISCLOSURE PROJECT (2012) Measurement for Management: CDP Cities 2012 Global Report Google Scholar

CARMONA, M., and SIEH, L. (2004), Measuring Quality in Planning: Managing the Performance Process, London, Spon Press. Measuring Quality in Planning: Managing the Performance Process Google Scholar

CASTELLS, M. (1989), The Informational City: Information Technology, Economic Restructuring, and the Urban–Regional Process, New York, Blackwell. The Informational City: Information Technology, Economic Restructuring, and the Urban–Regional Process Google Scholar

CASTELLS, M. (2009), Communication Power, Oxford, UK, Oxford University Press. Communication Power Google Scholar

CASTELLS, M. (2010), The Power of Identity, 2nd edition, Chichester, UK, Wiley Blackwell. The Power of Identity Google Scholar

CHURCHILL, S. W. (1974), The Interpretation and Use of Rate Data: The Rate Concept, Washington DC, Hemisphere Publishing. The Interpretation and Use of Rate Data: The Rate Concept Google Scholar

CLARK, W. and DICKSON, N. (2003), ‘Sustainability science: the emerging research program’, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 100, 8058–61. Sustainability science: the emerging research program Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 100 8058 61 Google Scholar

COLLINGE, W., LANDIS, A., JONES, A. SCHAEFER, L., BILEC, M. (2013), ‘Dynamic life cycle assessment: framework and application to an institutional building’, International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment, 18, 538–52. Dynamic life cycle assessment: framework and application to an institutional building International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment 18 538 52 Google Scholar

COSTANZA, R., D’ARGE, R., DE GROOT, R., FARBER, S., GRASSO, M., HANNON, B., LIMBURG, K. et al (1997), ‘The value of the world’s ecosystem services and natural capital’, Nature, 387, 253–60. The value of the world ’s ecosystem services and natural capital Nature 387 253 60 Google Scholar

COTE, W. A., YOUNG, R. J., RISSE, K. B., COSTANZA, A. F., TONELLI, J. P., and LENOCKER, C. (2002), ‘A carbon balance method for paper and wood products’, Environmental Pollution, 116 (Supplement 1), 1–6. A carbon balance method for paper and wood products Environmental Pollution 116 1 6 Google Scholar

COTGRAVE, A. and RILEY, M. 2013, Total Sustainability in the Built Environment, London, Palgrave MacMillan. Total Sustainability in the Built Environment 116 1 6 Google Scholar

DAILY, G. (ed.) (1997), Nature’s Services: Societal Dependence on Natural Ecosystems, Washington, DC, Island Press. Nature’s Services: Societal Dependence on Natural Ecosystems Google Scholar

DALAL-CLAYTON, B. and SADLER, B. (2011), Sustainability Appraisal: A Sourcebook and Reference Guide to International Experience, London, Earthscan. Sustainability Appraisal: A Sourcebook and Reference Guide to International Experience Google Scholar

DALY, H. (1973), Toward a Steady-State Economy, San Francisco, Freeman. Toward a Steady-State Economy Google Scholar

DALY, H. (1991), Steady-State Economics, Washington, Island Press. Steady-State Economics Google Scholar

DALY, H. (1992), ‘Allocation, distribution and scale: toward an economics that is efficient, just, and sustainable’, Ecological Economics, 6, 185–93. Allocation, distribution and scale: toward an economics that is efficient, just, and sustainable Ecological Economics 6 185 93 Google Scholar

DALY, H. and COBB, J., Jr. (1989), For the Common wGood: Redirecting the Economy Toward Community, the Environment, and a Sustainable Future, Boston, Beacon Press. For the Common wGood: Redirecting the Economy Toward Community, the Environment, and a Sustainable Future Google Scholar

DALY, H. and FARLEY, J. (2004), Ecological Economics: Principles and Applications, Washington, DC, Island Press. Ecological Economics: Principles and Applications Google Scholar

DECKER, E. H., ELLIOT, S., SMITH, F., BLAKE, D. R. and SHERWOOD ROWLAND, F. (2000), ‘Energy and material flow through the urban ecosystem’, Annual Review of Energy and the Environment, 25, 685–740. Energy and material fow through the urban ecosystem Annual Review of Energy and the Environment 25 685 740 Google Scholar

DURACK, R. (2001), ‘Village vices: the contradiction of new urbanism and sustainability’, Places, 14, 64–69. Village vices: the contradiction of new urbanism and sustainability Places 14 64 69 Google Scholar

FAHRIG, L. (2003), ‘The effects of habitat fragmentation on biodiversity’, Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics, 34, 487–515. The effects of habitat fragmentation on biodiversity Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics 34 487 515 Google Scholar

FARLEY, E., GADDIS, B., REES, W.and VAN DIS, K. (2007), ‘Managing our global footprint through restoration of natural capital’, in J. Aronson, S. Miltonand J. Blignaut (2007), Restoring Natural Capital: Science, Business, and Practice, Washington, DC, Island Press, 275–85. Managing our global footprint through restoration of natural capital Restoring Natural Capital: Science, Business, and Practice 275 85 Google Scholar

FARR, D. (2007), Sustainable Urbanism, New York, McGraw-Hill. Sustainable Urbanism Google Scholar

FIELD, C., BARROS, V., STOCKER, T., QIN, D., DOKKEN, D., EBI, K., MASTRANDREA, K., MACH, G.-K., PLATTNER, S., ALLEN, S., TIGNOR, M., and MIDGLEY (eds) (2012), Managing the Risks of Extreme Events and Disasters to Advance Climate Change Adaptation: A Special Report of Working Groups I and II of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), Cambridge, UK and New York, Cambridge University Press. Managing the Risks of Extreme Events and Disasters to Advance Climate Change Adaptation: A Special Report of Working Groups I and II of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Google Scholar

FISK, P. (2008), ‘The ecobalance approach to new urbanism and the smart code’, in S. Black and F. Steiner (eds),Emergent Urbanism: Evolution in Urban Form, 125–27, Austin, University of Texas School of Architecture. The ecobalance approach to new urbanism and the smart code Emergent Urbanism: Evolution in Urban Form, 125–27 Google Scholar

GOLDSMITH, E. and PRESCOTT-ALLEN, R. (1972), Blueprint for Survival, Boston, Houghton Mifflin. Blueprint for Survival Google Scholar

GOLDSMITH, W. and BLAKELY, E. (2011), Separate Societies: Poverty and Inequality in US Cities, 2nd edition, Philadelphia, Temple University Press. Separate Societies: Poverty and Inequality in US Cities Google Scholar

GRAHAM, S. and MARVIN, S. (2001), Splintering Urbanism: Networked Infrastructures, Technological Mobilities, and the Urban Condition, New York, Routledge. Splintering Urbanism: Networked Infrastructures, Technological Mobilities, and the Urban Condition Google Scholar

GUTOWSKI, T., BAKSHI, B. and SEKULIC, D. (eds) (2011), Thermodynamics and the Destruction of Resources, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press. Thermodynamics and the Destruction of Resources Google Scholar

HACK, G., BIRCH, E. and LAURENCE, P. (2011).,The Penn Resolution: Educating Urban Designers for Post-Carbon Cities, Philadelphia, Penn Design. The Penn Resolution: Educating Urban Designers for Post-Carbon Cities, Philadelphia, Penn Design Google Scholar

HALDANE, A. and MAY, R. (2011), ‘Systematic risk in banking ecosystems’, Nature, 469, 351–55. Systematic risk in banking ecosystems Nature 469 351 55 Google Scholar

HALL, P. V. and Hesse, M. (eds) (2012), Cities, Regions and Flows, Oxford, Routledge. Cities, Regions and Flows Google Scholar

HAMIN, E. and GURRAN, N. (2009), ’Urban form and climate change: balancing adaptation and mitigation in the US and Australia’, Habitat International, 33, 238–45. Habitat International 33 238 45 Google Scholar

HOWARTH, R. and NORGAARD, R. (1992), ‘Environmental evaluation under sustainable development’, The American Economic Review, 82, 473–77. Environmental evaluation under sustainable development The American Economic Review 82 473 77 Google Scholar

HUSSEIN, A. M. T. and TSCHIRHART, J. (2013), ‘Economic/ecological tradeoffs among ecosystem services and biodiversity conservation’ Ecological Economics, 93, 116–27. Economic/ecological tradeoffs among ecosystem services and biodiversity conservation Ecological Economics 93 116 27 Google Scholar

IPCC (INTERGOVERNMENTAL PANEL ON CLIMATE CHANGE) (2014a), Fifth Assessment Report Climate Change 2014: Mitigation of Climate Change, Geneva, IPCC. IPCC (INTERGOVERNMENTAL PANEL ON CLIMATE CHANGE) Fifth Assessment Report Climate Change 2014: Mitigation of Climate Change Google Scholar

IPCC (INTERGOVERNMENTAL PANEL ON CLIMATE CHANGE) (2014b), Fifth Assessment Report Climate Change 2014: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability, Geneva, IPCC. IPCC (INTERGOVERNMENTAL PANEL ON CLIMATE CHANGE) (2014b) Fifth Assessment Report Climate Change 2014: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability Google Scholar

ISCA (INFRASTRUCTURE SUSTAINABILITY COUNCIL OF AUSTRALIA) (2014), IS Rating Tool, Sydney, ISCA. ISCA (INFRASTRUCTURE SUSTAINABILITY COUNCIL OF AUSTRALIA) IS Rating Tool Google Scholar

IUCN (INTERNATIONAL UNION FOR CONSERVATION OF NATURE) (1980), World Conservation Strategy: Living Resource Conservation for Sustainable Development, Gland, Switzerland, IUCN-UNEP-WWF. IUCN (INTERNATIONAL UNION FOR CONSERVATION OF NATURE) World Conservation Strategy: Living Resource Conservation for Sustainable Development Google Scholar

KABEL, R. L. (1981), ‘Rates’, Chemical Engineering Communications, 9, 15–17. Rates Chemical Engineering Communications 9 15 17 Google Scholar

KABEL, R. L. (1992), ‘Reflections on rates’, Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, 31, 641–43. Reflections on rates Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research 31 641 43 Google Scholar

KAREIVA, P., TALLIS, H., RICKETTS, T., DAILY, G. and POLASKY, S. (2011), Natural Capital: Theory and Practice of Mapping Ecosystem Services, Oxford, Oxford University Press. Natural Capital: Theory and Practice of Mapping Ecosystem Services Google Scholar

KATES, R., CLARK, W., HALL, J. H., JAEGER, C., LOWE, I., MCCARTHY, J., SCHELLNHUBER, H. et al (2001), ‘Sustainability science’, Science, 292, 641–42. Sustainability science Science 292 641 42 Google Scholar

KISSINGER, M. and REES, W. (2010), ‘An interregional ecological approach for modeling sustainability in a globalizing world: Reviewing existing approaches and emerging directions’, Ecological Modelling, 221, 2615–23. An interregional ecological approach for modeling sustainability in a globalizing world: Reviewing existing approaches and emerging directions Ecological Modelling 221 2615 23 Google Scholar

KLEIDON, A. and LORENZ, R. (eds) (2005), Non-Equilibrium Thermodynamics and the Production of Entropy: Life, Earth, and Beyond, New York, Springer. Non-Equilibrium Thermodynamics and the Production of Entropy: Life, Earth, and Beyond Google Scholar

KLEIN, L. (1969), ‘The specification of regional econometric models’, Papers in Regional Science, 23, 105–16. The specification of regional econometric models Papers in Regional Science 23 105 16 Google Scholar

LAKSHMANAN, T. and NIJKAMP, P. (eds) (1983), Systems and Models for Energy and Environmental Analysis, Aldershot, UK, Gower. Systems and Models for Energy and Environmental Analysis Google Scholar

LAVE, L. and GRUENSPECHT, H. (1991), ‘Increasing the efficiency and effectiveness of environmental decisions: benefit-cost analysis and effluent fees: A critical review’, Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association, 41, 680–93. Increasing the efficiency and effectiveness of environmental decisions: benefit-cost analysis and effluent fees: A critical review Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association 41 680 93 Google Scholar

LEHMANN, S. (2012), ‘The metabolism of the city: optimizing urban material flow through principles of zero waste and sustainable consumption’, in S. Lehmann and R. Crocker (eds), Designing for Zero Waste: Consumption, Technologies and the Built Environment, London and New York, Earthscan, 309–42. The metabolism of the city: optimizing urban material fow through principles of zero waste and sustainable consumption Designing for Zero Waste: Consumption, Technologies and the Built Environment 309 42 Google Scholar

LENTON, T. and WATSON, A. (2011), Revolutions that Made the Earth, Oxford, Oxford University Press. Revolutions that Made the Earth Google Scholar

LINDEN, H. (1994), ‘Energy and industrial ecology’, in B. Allenby and D. Richards (eds), The Greening of Industrial Ecosystems, Washington, DC, National Academy Press. Energy and industrial ecology The Greening of Industrial Ecosystems Google Scholar

LUCK, G. W., DAILY, G. C. and EHRLICH, P. R. (2003), ‘Population diversity and ecosystem services’, Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 18, 331–36. Population diversity and ecosystem services Trends in Ecology and Evolution 18 331 36 Google Scholar

MALTHUS, T. (1798), An essay on the Principle of Population, as it Affects the Future Improvement of Society, London, J. Johnson. An essay on the Principle of Population, as it Affects the Future Improvement of Society Google Scholar

MCDONALD, G. T. (1996), ‘Planning as sustainable development’, Journal of Planning Education and Research, 15, 225–36. Planning as sustainable development Journal of Planning Education and Research 15 225 36 Google Scholar

MCHARG, I. (1969), Design with Nature, New York, Natural History Press. Design with Nature Google Scholar

MACE, G. M. (2005), ‘An index of intactness’, Nature, 434, 32–33. An index of intactness Nature 434 32 33 Google Scholar

MEA (MILLENNIUM ECOSYSTEM ASSESSMENT) (2005), Millennium Ecosystem Assessment Synthesis Report, New York, Millennium Ecosystem Assessment. MEA (MILLENNIUM ECOSYSTEM ASSESSMENT) Millennium Ecosystem Assessment Synthesis Report Google Scholar

MEADOWS, D. H., MEADOWS, D. L., RANDERS, J. and BEHRENS, W. (1972), The Llimits to Growth. A Report for the Club of Rome’s Project on the Predicament for Mankind, New York, Universe Books. The Llimits to Growth. A Report for the Club of Rome’s Project on the Predicament for Mankind Google Scholar

MEEHL, G. A., WASHINGTON, W. M., COLLINS, W. D., ARBLASTER, J. M. HU, A., BUJA, L., STRAND, W.G. and TENG, H. (2005), ‘How much more global warming and sea level rise?’, Science, 307, 1769–72. How much more global warming and sea level rise? Science 307 1769 72 Google Scholar

MEIER, R. (1968), ‘The metropolis as a transaction-maximizing system’, Daedalus, 97, 1292–1313. The metropolis as a transaction-maximizing system Daedalus 97 1292 1313 Google Scholar

MILLER, R. and BLAIR, P. (2009), Input-Output Analysis: Foundations and Extensions, 2nd edition, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press. Input-Output Analysis: Foundations and Extensions Google Scholar

MOLDAN, B., JANOUKOVÁ, S. and HÁK, T. (2012), ‘How to understand and measure environmental indicators and targets’, Ecological Indicators, 17, 4–13. How to understand and measure environmental indicators and targets Ecological Indicators 17 4 13 Google Scholar

MUSTAFAVI, M. and DOHERTY, G. (eds), (2010), Ecological Urbanism, Baden, Switzerland, Lars Muller. Ecological Urbanism Google Scholar

NEUMAN, M. (2005), ‘The compact city fallacy’, Journal of Planning Education and Research, 25, 11–26. The compact city fallacy Journal of Planning Education and Research 25 11 26 Google Scholar

NEUMAN, M. and WHITTINGTON, J. (2000), Building California’s Future: Current Conditions in California’s Infrastructure Planning, Budgeting and Financing, San Francisco, Public Policy Institute of California. Building California’s Future: Current Conditions in California’s Infrastructure Planning, Budgeting and Financing Google Scholar

NEUMAN, M. and CHURCHILL, S. (2011), ‘A general process model of sustainability’, Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research, 50, 8901–04. A general process model of sustainability Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research 50 8901 04 Google Scholar

NEW JERSEY OFFICE OF STATE PLANNING (1991), The Resource Investment and Management System,. Trenton, NJ, Department of Treasury. NEW JERSEY OFFICE OF STATE PLANNING The Resource Investment and Management System Google Scholar

NEWMAN, P., BEATLEY, T. and BOYER, H. (2009), Resilient Cities: Responding to Peak Oil and Climate Change, Washington, DC, Island Press. Resilient Cities: Responding to Peak Oil and Climate Change Google Scholar

NEWMAN, P. and JENNINGS, I. (2008), Cities as Sustainable Ecosystems: Principles and Practices, Washington, DC, Island Press. Cities as Sustainable Ecosystems: Principles and Practices Google Scholar

NEWTON, P. (2012), ‘Liveable and sustainable? Socio-technical challenges for twenty-first century cities’, Journal of Urban Technology, 19, 81–102. Liveable and sustainable? Socio-technical challenges for twenty-first century cities Journal of Urban Technology 19 81 102 Google Scholar

NICOLIS, G. and PRIGOGINE, I. (1977), Self-Organization in Nonequilibrium Systems:fFrom Dissipative Structures to Order through Fluctuations, New York, Wiley. Self-Organization in Nonequilibrium Systems:fFrom Dissipative Structures to Order through Fluctuations Google Scholar

NIJKAMP, P. (2004), Environmental Economics and Evaluation, Cheltenham, UK, Northampton, MA, Edward Elgar. Environmental Economics and Evaluation Google Scholar

NIST (NATIONAL INSTITUTE FOR STANDARDS AND TECHNOLOGY OF THE UNITED STATES) (2010), Building for Environmental and Economic Sustainability (BEES), available at http://www.nist.gov/el/economics/BEESSoftware.cfm, accessed 10 January, 2012. Google Scholar

NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL, (2004), Materials Count – The Case for Material Flows Analysis, Washington, DC, The National Academies Press. NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL Materials Count – The Case for Material Flows Analysis Google Scholar

OWENS, S. and COWELL, R. (2002), Land and Limits: Sustainability in the Planning Process, London, Routledge. Land and Limits: Sustainability in the Planning Process Google Scholar

PASCUALE, M. and DUNNE, J. (2006), Ecological Networks: Linking Structure to Dynamics in Food Webs, Oxford, Oxford University Press. Ecological Networks: Linking Structure to Dynamics in Food Webs Google Scholar

PEARSON, L. (2013), ‘In search of resilient and sustainable cities: prefatory remarks (to the special issue on Sustainable Urbanisation: A Resilient Future)’, Ecological Economics, 86, 222–23. In search of resilient and sustainable cities: prefatory remarks (to the special issue on Sustainable Urbanisation: A Resilient Future) Ecological Economics 86 222 23 Google Scholar

PICKETT, S., CADENASSO, M., GROVE, J., NILON, C., POUYAT, R., ZIPPERER, W. and COSTANZA, R. (2001), ‘Urban ecological systems: linking terrestrial ecological, physical, and socioeconomic components of metropolitan areas’, Annual Reviews of Ecology and Systematics, 32, 127–57. Urban ecological systems: linking terrestrial ecological, physical, and socioeconomic components of metropolitan areas Annual Reviews of Ecology and Systematics 32 127 57 Google Scholar

PRIGOGINE, I. (1955), Thermodynamics of Irreversible Processes, New York, John Wiley and Sons. Thermodynamics of Irreversible Processes Google Scholar

PRIGOGINE, I. (1981), From Being to Becoming: Time and Complexity in the Physical Sciences, New York, W. H. Freeman and Co. From Being to Becoming: Time and Complexity in the Physical Sciences Google Scholar

PRIGOGINE, I. and STENGERS, I. (1984), Order out of Chaos: Man’s New Dialogue with Nature, New York, Bantam. Order out of Chaos: Man’s New Dialogue with Nature Google Scholar

RAVETZ, J. (2000), ‘Integrated assessment for sustainability appraisal in cities and regions’, Environmental Impact Assessment Review, 20, 31–64. Integrated assessment for sustainability appraisal in cities and regions Environmental Impact Assessment Review 20 31 64 Google Scholar

REES, W. (1992), ‘Ecological footprints and appropriated carrying capacity: what urban economics leaves out’, Environment and Urbanization, 4, 121–30. Ecological footprints and appropriated carrying capacity: what urban economics leaves out Environment and Urbanization 4 121 30 Google Scholar

REES, W. (2003), ‘Understanding urban ecosystems: an ecological economics perspective’, in A. Berkowitz,, C. Nilon and K. Hollweg(eds) Understanding Urban Ecosystems, New York, Springer-Verlag. Understanding urban ecosystems: an ecological economics perspective Understanding Urban Ecosystems Google Scholar

REES, W. and WACKERNAGEL, M. (1994), ‘Ecological footprints and appropriated carrying capacity: measuring the natural capital requirements of the human economy’, in A.-M., Jansson, M., Hammer, C. Folke and R, Costanza (eds), Investing in Natural Capital: the Ecological Economics Approach to Sustainability, 362–90, Washington, DC, Island Press. Ecological footprints and appropriated carrying capacity: measuring the natural capital requirements of the human economy Investing in Natural Capital: the Ecological Economics Approach to Sustainability 362 90 Google Scholar

RUTH, M. and DAVIDSDOTTIR, B. (eds), (2009), The Dynamics of Regions and Networks in Industrial Ecosystems, Northampton, MA, Edward Elgar Publishing. The Dynamics of Regions and Networks in Industrial Ecosystems Google Scholar

SACHS, W., LOSKE, R. and LINZ, M. (eds) (1998), Greening the North: a Post-Industrial Blueprint for Ecology and Equity, New York, St. Martin’s Press. Greening the North: a Post-Industrial Blueprint for Ecology and Equity Google Scholar

SCHNEIDER, E. and SAGAN, D. (2005), Into the Cool: Energy Flow, Thermodynamics, and Life, Chicago, University of Chicago Press. Into the Cool: Energy Flow, Thermodynamics, and Life Google Scholar

SCHOLES, R. J. and BIGGS, R. (2005), ‘A biodiversity intactness index’, Nature, 434, 45–49. A biodiversity intactness index Nature 434 45 49 Google Scholar

SCHROTER, D., CRAMER, W., LEEMANS, R., PRENTICE, I. C., ARAÚJO, M. B., ARNELL, N. W., ... & ZIERL, B. (2005), ‘Ecosystem service supply and vulnerability to global change in Europe’, Science, 310, 1333–37. Ecosystem service supply and vulnerability to global change in Europe Science 310 1333 37 Google Scholar

SCHÖN, D. (1983), The Reflective Practitioner: How Professionals Think in Action, New York, Basic Books. The Reflective Practitioner: How Professionals Think in Action Google Scholar

SHEN, L-Y., OCHOA, J., SHAH, M. and ZHANG, X. (2011), ‘The application of urban sustainability indicators: a comparison between various practices’, Habitat International, 35, 17–29. The application of urban sustainability indicators: a comparison between various practices Habitat International 35 17 29 Google Scholar

SUH, S. (2009), The Handbook of Input-Output Economics in Industrial Ecology, New York, Springer. The Handbook of Input-Output Economics in Industrial Ecology Google Scholar

SVIRIJEVA-HOPKINS, A. and SCHELLNHUBER, H-J. (2006), ‘Modeling carbon dynamics from urban land conversion: fundamental model of city in relation to a local carbon cycle’, Carbon Balance and Management, 1, 1–9. Modeling carbon dynamics from urban land conversion: fundamental model of city in relation to a local carbon cycle Carbon Balance and Management 1 1 9 Google Scholar

TALEN, E. (2005), New Urbanism and American Planning: the Conflict of Cultures, New York, Routledge. New Urbanism and American Planning: the Conflict of Cultures Google Scholar

THE ROYAL SOCIETY (2003), Measuring Biodiversity for Conservation, London, The Royal Society. THE ROYAL SOCIETY Measuring Biodiversity for Conservation Google Scholar

TRIBE, L. (1972), ‘Policy science: analysis or ideology?’ Philosophy and public affairs, 2, 66–110. Policy science: analysis or ideology? Philosophy and public affairs 2 66 110 Google Scholar

UNCHS (HABITAT) (1996), Global Report of Human Settlements, London, Oxford, Oxford University Press. UNCHS (HABITAT) (1996) Global Report of Human Settlements Google Scholar

UNCHS (HABITAT) (2009), Planning Sustainable Cities Cities: Global Report of Human Settlements, London, Earthscan. UNCHS (HABITAT) (2009) Planning Sustainable Cities Cities: Global Report of Human Settlements Google Scholar

UNCSD (UNITED NATIONS CENTER FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT) (2007), Indicators of Sustainable Development: Guidelines and Methodologies, New York, United Nations, 3rd edition. UNCSD (UNITED NATIONS CENTER FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT) (2007) Indicators of Sustainable Development: Guidelines and Methodologies Google Scholar

UNFPA (UNITED NATIONS POPULATION FUND) (2007), State of World Population 2007: Unleashing the Potential of Urban Growth, New York, United Nations Population Fund. UNFPA (UNITED NATIONS POPULATION FUND) (2007) State of World Population 2007: Unleashing the Potential of Urban Growth Google Scholar

UNITED NATIONS, EUROPEAN UNION, WORLD BANK, INTERNATIONAL MONETARY FUND, AND THE ORGANISATION FOR ECONOMIC CO-OPERATION AND DEVELOPMENT (2014), The System of Environmental-Economic Accounting 2012, Central Framework, New York, United Nations. UNITED NATIONS, EUROPEAN UNION, WORLD BANK, INTERNATIONAL MONETARY FUND, AND THE ORGANISATION FOR ECONOMIC CO-OPERATION AND DEVELOPMENT (2014) The System of Environmental-Economic Accounting 2012, Central Framework Google Scholar

UNWCED (UNITED NATIONS WORLD COMMISSION ON ENVIRONMENT AND DEVELOPMENT) (1987), Our Common Future, Oxford, Oxford University Press. UNWCED (UNITED NATIONS WORLD COMMISSION ON ENVIRONMENT AND DEVELOPMENT) (1987) Our Common Future Google Scholar

UNWSSD (UNITED NATIONS WORLD SUMMIT ON SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT) (2002), Johannesburg Plan of Implementation, New York, United Nations. UNWSSD (UNITED NATIONS WORLD SUMMIT ON SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT) Johannesburg Plan of Implementation Google Scholar

VON WEIZSÄCKER, E., LOVINS, A. and LOVINS, H. (1997), Factor Four: Doubling Wealth, Halving Resource Use, London, Earthscan. Factor Four: Doubling Wealth, Halving Resource Use Google Scholar

WADA, Y., VAN BEEK, L., VAN KEMPEN, C., RECKMAN, J., VASAK, S. and BIERKENS, M. (2010), ‘Global depletion of groundwater resources’, Geophysical Research Letters, 37, L20402, doi 10.1029/2010GL044571. Global depletion of groundwater resources Geophysical Research Letters 37 L20402 Google Scholar

WANG, G. and SCHIMEL, D. (2003), ‘Climate change, climate modes, and climate impacts’, Annual Review of Environment and Resources, 28, 1–23. Climate change, climate modes, and climate impacts Annual Review of Environment and Resources 28 1 23 Google Scholar

WARREN-RHODES, K. and KOENIG, A. (2001), ‘Escalating trends in the urban metabolism of Hong Kong: 1971-1997’, Ambio, 30, 429–38. Escalating trends in the urban metabolism of Hong Kong: 1971-1997 Ambio 30 429 38 Google Scholar

WIEDMANN, T. and MINX, J. (2008), ‘Definition of carbon footprint’, in C. C. Pertsova (ed.), Ecological Economic Research Trends, Hauppauge, NY, Nova Science Publishers, 1–11. Definition of carbon footprint Ecological Economic Research Trends 1 11 Google Scholar

WIGLEY, T. M. (2005), ‘The climate change commitment’, Science, 307, 1766–69. The climate change commitment Science 307 1766 69 Google Scholar

WORLD BANK (2010), World Development Report 2010: Development and Climate Change, Washington, DC, World Bank. World Development Report 2010: Development and Climate Change Google Scholar