Endnotes
1.Montagu Scott, ‘Will he down him this time?’, Worker(), 21March1896.
2.Lyndon Megarrity, “White Queensland’: the Queensland government’s ideological position on the use of Pacific Island labourers in the sugar sector 1880-1901’, Australian Journal of Politics and History, vol.52, no.1, 2006, p.7. ‘Griffilwraith’ referred to the pro-business forces allied to McIlwraith and Samuel Griffith. McIlwraith subsequently lost the premiership, serving as chief secretary and secretary for railways from October.
3. Worker(), 9December1899. On the 1899 election, seeDavid Day, Andrew Fisher: Prime Minister of Australia,Fourth Estate,, 2008, pp.58-59; and, in more detail,Raymond Evans, ‘The politics of leprosy: race, disease and the rise of Labor’, inJoanne Scott andKay Saunders(eds), The World’s First Labor Government,Royal Historical Society of Queensland,, 2001.
4. Worker(), 6January1900.
5.The NSW ‘prototype’ argument is most famously made by Bede Nairn, Civilising Capitalism: The Beginnings of the Australian Labor Party(2nd ed.),Melbourne University Press,, 1989, and more critically byRay Markey, The Making of the Labor Party in New South Wales, 1880-1900,UNSWP,, 1988.
6.SeeD.P. Crook, ‘The Crucible – Labour in Coalition, 1903-7’inD.J. Murphy,R.B. Joyce andColin A. Hughes(eds), Prelude to Power: The Rise of the Labour Party in Queensland 1885-1915,Jacaranda,, 1970. On the concept of the two-party system more broadly, consultNick Dyrenfurth andPaul Strangio(eds), Confusion: The Making of the Australian Two-Party System,Melbourne University Press,, 2009.
7.On this concept, seeSean Scalmer andTerry Irving, ‘Labour intellectuals in Australia: modes, traditions, generations, transformations’, International Review of Social History, vol.50, no.1, April, 2005, pp.1-26;Sean Scalmer, ‘Being practical in early and contemporary Labor politics: a Labourist critique’, Australian Journal of Politics and History, vol.43, no.3, 1997, pp.301-311;Nick Dyrenfurth andMarian Quartly, ‘Fat man v ‘the people’: labour intellectuals and the making of oppositional identities, 1890–1901’, Labour History, no.92, May2007, pp.31-56.
8.Nick Dyrenfurth andMarian Quartly, “All the world over’: the transnational world of Australian radical and labour cartoonists, 1880s to 1920’, inRichard Scully andMarian Quartly(eds), Drawing the Line: Using Cartoons as Historical Evidence,Monash University E-press,, 2009, pp.6.1-6.47.
9.Henry E. Boote, ‘A Foreword’, inClaude Marquet, Cartoons by Claude Marquet: a commemorative volume, with appreciations by leading representatives of literature and politics,The Worker Trustee,, 1920, p.i.
10. Ross McMullin, Will Dyson: Australia’s Radical Genius,Scribe,, 2006. On Marquet, seeMarian Quartly, ‘Making working class heroes: Labor cartoonists and the Australian Worker, 1903-16’, Labour History, no.89, November2005, pp.159-178;Vane Lindesay andJohn McLaren, ‘The War Cartoons of Claude Marquet’, inAnna Rutherford andJames Wieland(eds), War: Australia’s Creative Response,Dangaroo Press,, 1997. More biographically, seeVane Lindesay, ‘Marquet, Claude Arthur (1869-1920)’, Australian Dictionary of Biography, Vol. 10,Melbourne University Press,, 1986, pp.417-418, cited athttp://adbonline.anu.edu.au/biogs/A100408b.htm, accessed November 2009.
11.Joe Harris, The Bitter Fight: A Pictorial History of the Australian Labor Movement,University of Queensland Press,, 1970;Marguerite Mahood, The Loaded Line: Australian Political Caricature 1788-1901,Melbourne University Press,, 1973;D.J. Murphy(ed.), Labor in Politics: the State Labor Parties in Australia, 1880-1920,University of Queensland Press,, 1975;Murphy, Joyce andHughes(eds), Prelude to Power;Australian Workers’ Union, The ‘Worker’s’ First Seventy Years, The Worker,, 1960;Suzanne Edgar, ‘Scott, Eugene Montagu (Monty) (1835-1909)’, Australian Dictionary of Biography, Vol. 6,Melbourne University Press,, 1976, p.95, cited athttp://adbonline.anu.edu.au/biogs/A060108b.htm, accessed November 2009;D. J. Murphy, ‘Case, James Thomas (1884-1921)’, Australian Dictionary of Biography, Vol. 7,Melbourne University Press,, 1979, pp.585-586, cited athttp://www.adb.online.anu. edu.au/biogs/A070592b.htm, accessed November 2009. Raymond Evans also reproduces a good number of Case’s images in hisThe Red Flag Riots: a Study of Intolerance,University of Queensland Press,, 1988.
12.For details on the extraordinary growth of labour and radical press, seeNick Dyrenfurth, Heroes and Villains: The Rise and Fall of the Early Australian Labor Party,Australian Scholarly Publishing,, 2010, ch. 2;Dyrenfurth andQuartly, ‘All the World Over’;B.J. Guyatt, ‘The Publicists – the Labour Press, 1880-1915’, inMurphy, Prelude to Power;Frank Bongiorno, ‘Constituting Labour: The Radical Press in Victoria, 1885-1914’, inAnn Curthoys andJulianne Schultz(eds), Journalism, Print, Politics and Popular Culture,University of Queensland Press,, 1999;Bruce Scates, A New Australia: Citizenship, Radicalism and the First Republic,Cambridge University Press,, 1997, ch. 2 (especially pp.57-73) andH.J. Gibbney, Labor in Print: A Guide to the People Who Created a Labor Press in Australia between 1850 and 1939,ANU Press,, 1975.
13.Nick Dyrenfurth, ‘Rethinking Labor tradition: synthesising discourse and experience’, Labour History, no.90, May2006, p.187. This argument is expanded upon in Dyrenfurth, Heroes and Villains, ‘Introduction’and ch. 2.
14.Edgar, ‘Scott’, ADB. The next three paragraphs draw heavily upon her biographical note. TheBulletineven claimed that Scott enjoyed a career as‘a fairly good amateur actor’(Bulletin, 27May1909).
15.Alfred Clint, ‘People We Know, No. II (“In my gallery thy picture hangs”)’, Sydney Punch, December1878.
16.Ross Woodward, ‘Queen Victoria versus ‘King Billy’: Images as History’,Refereed Conference Paper presented to the Australian Council of University Art and Design Schools’ Annual Conference,Tasmanian School of Art, University of Tasmania, 2003, cited athttp://www.acuads.com.au/conf2003/papers_refereed/woodrow_1of2.pdf, accessed November 2009.
17.Mahood, The Loaded Line, p.66;Edgar, ‘Scott’, ADB.
18.SeeMahood, The Loaded Line, pp.211-212.
19.Marilyn Lake, ‘The politics of respectability: identifying the masculinist context’, Historical Studies, no.22, 1986, pp.116-131, andMarilyn Lake, ‘Socialism and manhood: the case of William Lane’, Labour History, no.50, May1986, pp.54-66. See alsoNick Dyrenfurth, “A terrible monster’: from ‘employers to capitalists’ in the 1885-86 Melbourne wharf labourers’ strike’, Labour History, no.94, May2008, pp.92-94.
20.Montagu Scott, ‘Wealth and want: the Queensland Samson’, Boomerang, 22December1888. This image is reproduced in Dyrenfurth,‘A terrible monster’, p.94.
21.Montagu Scott, ‘The Devil We Have’, Boomerang, 3August1889.
22.Montagu Scott, ‘Imperialism Vetoes the Immigration Bill’, Boomerang, 6April1888. Britain represented by the figure of ‘Policeman Knutsford’ reproaches her in a symbolic nod to Britain’s diplomatic sensitivities as regards China: ‘See here, young woman! If you do anything so un-British as shooting, I’ll push my bayonet through you.’ Scott was here drawing upon another, an earlier and no less infamous anti-Chinese image,E.M. Murray’s‘Wake, Australia Wake!’(Boomerang, 11February1888), which showed a pig-tailed Chinese man with a knife between his teeth entering the bedroom of a sleeping Queensland beauty.
23.Montagu Scott, ‘Where are the Police?’, Boomerang, 4August1888. Scott’s commentary directly reacted to the Normanton anti-Malay riots of the same year. See Jacqui Donegan and Raymond Evans,‘Running amok: the Normanton race riots of 1888 and the genesis of white Australia’, inJournal of Australian Studies, no.71, 2001, pp.83-98.
24.Marilyn Lake and Henry Reynolds, Drawing the Global Colour Line: White Men’s Countries and the Question of Racial Equality,Melbourne University Press,, 2008, p.2;Ray Markey, ‘Race and Labour in Australia’, The Historian, vol.58, no.2, 1996, p.343.
25.John Rickard, Australia: A Cultural History(2nd edn),Longman,, 1996, p.108;Markey, ‘Race and Labour in Australia’, p.346;Benedict Anderson, Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism (2nd edn), Verso, London, 1991.
26.Dyrenfurth andQuartly, ‘All the world over’, p.06.6;Andrew Markus, Fear and Hatred: Purifying Australia and California, 1850-1901,Hale and Iremonger,, 1979, chs 4, 5 and 8.
27.Markey, ‘Race and Labour in Australia’, p.347, and, more generally,Markey, The Making of the Labor Party.
28.Raymond Evans, A History of Queensland,Cambridge University Press,, 2007, pp.107and129.
29.Rickard, Australia, p.107.
30.On the debate as to the causation of worker racism, seeVerity Burgmann, ‘Who our enemies are: Andrew Markus and the baloney view of Australian racism’, Labour History, no.49, 1985, pp.97-101;Andrew Markus, ‘Explaining the treatment of non-European immigrants in nineteenth century Australia’, Labour History, no.48, 1985, pp.86-91, as well as the earlier collection,Ann Curthoys andAndrew Markus(eds), Who Are Our Enemies? Racism and the Australian Working Classes,Hale and Iremonger,, 1978.
31.Robin Gollan, Radical and Working Class Politics: a Study of Eastern Australia, 1850-1910,Melbourne University Press,, 1960, pp.128-129, pp.145-150and ch. 8.
32.Ross McMullin, The Light on the Hill: The Australian Labor Party, 1891-1991,Oxford University Press,, 1992, p.26.
33.TheWorkerboard first met on 14 February 1890. It consisted of Gilbert Casey (chairman), Albert Hinchcliffe (treasurer), Charles Seymour (secretary), Matt Reid and W. Mabbott. In 1893, Blackwell was replaced by W.G. Higgs. Having won a seat in the Queensland parliament in 1899, Higgs resigned, passing the editorial baton to Charlie Seymour who subsequently appointed Frank Kenna to the position. When Kenna entered parliament in 1902, H.E. Boote edited the paper until 1911. Seymour once again took charge before Jack Hanlon was appointed, holding the position from 1915 to 1943 (AWU, The ‘Worker’s’ First Seventy Years, pp.22and23).
34.Mark Hearn andHarry Knowles, One Big Union: A History of the Australian Workers’ Union,Cambridge University Press,, 1996, pp.102, 106.
35.Guyatt, ‘The Publicists’, p.250.
36.AWU, The ‘Worker’s’ First Seventy Years, p.23.
37.SeeSimon Booth, Picturing Politics: Cartoons of Melbourne’s Labour Press, 1890-1919, UnpublishedPhD thesis,University of Melbourne,School of Historical Studies, 2008, andDyrenfurth andQuartly, ‘All the World Over’, pp.6.13-6.17. OnQuiz, seeMahood, The Loaded Line, p.217.
38.Livingstone Hopkins, ‘The Labour Crisis’, Bulletin, 16August1890(SeeDyrenfurth andQuartly, ‘Fat Man v ‘The People”, pp.31-120). Apart from American imagery, he is clearly drawing on Scott’sBoomerangimage of Capital and Labour from the previous year which itself alluded to Aesop’s fable of two goats that butted heads (Montagu Scott, ‘One of them must lie down or – ’, Boomerang, 13April1889). On the historical background andfin de siécleeconomic and cultural factors surrounding the cartooning choice of Fat Man, seeDyrenfurth andQuartly, ‘Fat Man v “The People”’, pp.37-40andDyrenfurth andQuartly, ‘All the world over’, p.06.12.
39.Dyrenfurth andQuartly, ‘All the World Over’, p.06.6.
40.Montagu Scott, ‘The Spirit of the Times’, Boomerang, 13September1890. See alsoMontagu Scott, ‘Which One Will Get Up First?’, Boomerang, 30August1890.
41.Montagu Scott, ‘Why Don’t They Drop Him?’, Worker(), 17April1897;Montagu Scott, ‘The Middle Man’, Worker(), 12January1895;Montagu Scott, ‘The Bushwhackers’ Brigade’, Worker(), 20January1900.
42.Montagu Scott, ‘All the World Over’, Worker(), 23May1903.
43.Michael Leach, “Manly, True and White’: Masculine Identity and Australian Socialism’, inGeoff Stokes(ed.), The Politics of Identity in Australia,Cambridge University Press,, 1997;Dyrenfurth, ‘A terrible monster’, pp.91-96.
44.Montagu Scott, ‘The Governor’s Speech’, Worker(), 28July1894andMontagu Scott, ‘Labour’s First Step on Entry’, Worker(), 13May1893.
45.Montagu Scott, ‘It Blocks the Way’, Worker(), 30September1905.
46.Montagu Scott, ‘Falstaff Up To Date’, Worker(), 8May1893.
47.Montagu Scott, ‘Labour’s Empire Day’, Worker(), 26May1906.
48.Chinese immigration was virtually eliminated by the Statebeforethe White Australia policy of 1901. Between 1888 and 1901 Australia’s Chinese population fell from about 50,000 to about 32,000 (Keith Willey, ‘Australia’s Population’, inCurthoys andMarkus, Who Are Our Enemies?, p.5).
49.Montagu Scott, ‘Up for vagrancy, Or what may soon happen in Queensland’, Worker(), 25July1896. See also Scott’s image of a rural town dominated by Chinese; ‘The Yellow Agony (‘A VIEW IN CHINA? – Oh dear, no! – It’s only the main street in one of our inland towns’), Worker(), 16January1897. In an image from the previous year the racial invader is Japanese, literally fanning out across Queensland (‘The March of the Jap’, Worker(), 16May1896) and, from 1897, a sword-wielding Japanese robber enters the bedroom window of a female White Queensland‘A Coalition Government: A Coalition with the Japanese to ruin Queensland’, Worker(), 31July1897.
50.Montagu Scott, ‘The Curse of Cheap Labour’, Worker(), 20January1900.
51.Robin Archer, Why Is There No Labor Party in the United States?,Princeton University Press,, 2007, p.58. Other variants of this argument appear inMarkus, Fear and Loathing, pp.211-219, andMarkey, The Making of the Labor Party, ch. 10.
52.Montagu Scott, ‘Two Peoples – One Destiny’, Worker(), 14June1902;Montagu Scott, ‘The Loaves and Fishes’, Worker(), 6October1894.
53.Mahood suggests that the Goanna might be Ebenezer Murray (Mahood, The Loaded Line, p.237). He also appeared to pen other anti-Semitic and anti-Asian images under the ironic pseudonym, ‘S.F. Grifelwaite’.
54.The Goanna,‘The Money Lender to the Unemployed’, Worker(), 11June1892. SeePeter Love, Labour and the Money Power: Australian Labour Populism 1890-1950,Melbourne University Press,, 1984, pp.6, 37-38. For a broader reading of anti-Semitism on the Left, seePhilip Mendes, ‘Left attitudes towards Jews: Antisemitism and Philosemitism’, Australian Journal of Jewish Studies, vol.9, no.1, 1995, pp.7-44.
55.Donald Dewey, The Art of Ill Will: The Story of American Political Cartoons,New York University Press,, p.179.
56.Richard Levy(ed.), Antisemitism: A Historical Encyclopedia of Prejudice and Persecution,:ABC-CLIO, 2005, pp.98-107.
57.Worth Robert Miller, ‘Educating the masses: cartoons from the populist press of the 1890s’, American Nineteenth Century History, vol.4, no.2, June2003, p.106. Thanks to Harry Knowles for this reference.
58.On social democratic labourism, seeDyrenfurth, Heroes and Villains, ‘Introduction’, andNick Dyrenfurth, ‘What should Labor stand for?’, inNick Dyrenfurth andTim Soutphommasane(eds), All That’s Left: What Labor Should Stand For,UNSWP,, 2010.
59.Love, Money Power, p.1. Consult alsoDyrenfurth, Heroes and Villains, ‘Introduction’.
60.Markey, ‘Populist Politics’, pp.75-76, andMurphy, ‘Queensland’, p.208.
61.Montagu Scott, ‘The Clutch of the Money Power’, Worker(), 22April1899.
62.Lenore Layman, ‘Fighting Fatman Fetteration: Labour Culture and Federation’, inMark Hearn andGreg Patmore(eds), Working the Nation: Working Life and Federation, 1890-1914,Pluto Press,, 2001, p.48.
63.Montagu Scott, ‘Where do I come in?’, Worker(), 10June1899. See alsoMontagu Scott, ‘The Road to Market’, Worker(), 26August1898.
64. Gympie Truth, 2April1901.
65.Montagu Scott, ‘Labor’s Xmas Gift to the Commonwealth’, Worker(), 14December1901. SeeDyrenfurth, Heroes and Villains, ch. 3.
66.Montagu Scott, ‘On Guard’, Worker(), 10November1906.
67.Montagu Scott, ‘The Federal Situation’, Worker(), 7May1904.
68.For more on this iconography and political sea-change, seeDyrenfurth, ‘Labor’s view of fusion’, inDyrenfurth andStrangio(eds), Confusion, pp.78-86.
69.Edgar, ‘Scott’, ADB.
70. Worker(), 22May1909.
71.Artist Unknown,‘Portrait of Jim Case’, 24June1921, Worker(), 27October1921.
72. Bulletin, 3November1921.
73.Murphy, ‘Case’.
74. Australian Worker, 27October1921.
75.Jim Case, ‘The Modern Andromeda’, Worker(), 11March1911.
76.Jim Case, ‘Every Labour Vote Wanted!’, Worker(), 3October1912.
77.Jim Case, ‘The Fusion Army’, Worker(), 22January1910. See alsoJim Case, ‘Anti-National Guttersnipes’, Worker(), 9December1911, and the post-fusion image,Jim Case, ‘The Builder and the Destroyer’, Worker(), 10April1913.
78.Jim Case, ‘Economic Bloodsuckers’, Worker(), 1May1913.
79.Dyrenfurth, ‘Labor’s view of fusion’, pp.99-101.
80.Jim Case, ‘Electors! Will you let him?’, Worker(), 23March1910. See alsoJim Case, Worker(),‘Electors, strengthen it!’, Worker(), 8January1910.
81. Worker(), 21April1910.
82.For example,Frederick Opper, ‘Willie and his Papa’, San Francisco Examiner, 7August1900. Surveys of this cartooning phenomenoncan be found inStephen Hess andMilton Kaplan, The Ungentlemanly Art: a History of American Political Cartoons,Macmillan,, 1968, p.124;Dewey, Art of Ill Will, p.124;William Murrell, A History of American Graphic Humor: 1865-1938, Vol. 2,Macmillan,, 1967, p.176.
83.Jim Case, ‘Black Friday’, Worker(), 12February1912.
84.Jim Case, ‘Clear the way, ye Lords and Lackeys’, Worker(), 1January1910.
85.Jim Case, ‘Diverting his Attention’, Worker(), 6February1909.
86.Originally published in theAustralian Worker, it was reprinted as a leaflet with distribution running to one million copies.Vane Lindesay, ‘Australian Cartoonists and World War One’, inAnna Rutherford andJames Wieland(eds), War: Australia’s Creative Response,Dangaroo Press,, 1997, p.84. See alsoVane Lindesay andJohn McLaren, ‘The War Cartoons of Claude Marquet’, inRutherford andWieland, Australia’s Creative Response).
87.Barry York, ‘The Maltese, White Australia, and conscription: ‘Il-Tfal Ta Billy Hughes’, Labour History, no.57, November1989, p.1.
88.Jim Case, ‘History Repeated – A Famous Ancient Ruse’, Worker(), 28September1916.
89.Nick Dyrenfurth, ‘Labor’s fusion legacy’, inDyrenfurth andStrangio(eds), Confusion, pp.293-96, andDyrenfurth, Heroes and Villains, ch. 6.
90.For instance,Will Dyson, ‘Now or Never’, Labor Call, 19October1916.
91.Jim Case, ‘The Sifting’, Worker(), 23November1916. On this topic, seeDyrenfurth andQuartly, ‘All the World Over’, pp.06.31-06.38.
92. Australian Worker, 6November1919.
93.Marquet similarly dispensed with his populist imagery of heroic rural workers after 1918, preferring to depict the ALP as a blue-collar, industrial worker (Claude Marquet, ‘Dignity and Impudence’, Australian Worker, 25September1919) who often engaged global capital in the more universal struggle between classes (Claude Marquet, ‘When They Meet’, Australian Worker, 24April1919).
94.Jim Case, ‘Breaking the Chains’, Worker(), 22August1918.
95.Jim Case, ‘Flicking them off’, Worker(), 10July1919. See alsoJim Case, ‘The Meddler’ Worker(), 10July1919.
96.Jim Case, ‘His Masterpiece’, Worker(), 8July1920.
97.Evans, The Red Flag Riots, ch. 4.
98.Jim Case, ‘Carving the ‘Corpus”, Truth, 26December1920.
99.Jim Case, ‘Onward Christian Soldier’, Truth, 20March1921.
100.Jim Case, ‘Australia “Alarmed”’, Truth, 2January1921.
101.Jim Case, ‘Will They Pull Together?’, Truth, 6March1921.
102. Worker(), 27October1921.
103. Australian Worker, 27October1921.
104.Lindesay, ‘Marquet’, ADB.
105. Australian Worker, 27October1921.
1.Montagu Scott, ‘Will he down him this time?’, Worker(), 21March1896.
2.Lyndon Megarrity, “White Queensland’: the Queensland government’s ideological position on the use of Pacific Island labourers in the sugar sector 1880-1901’, Australian Journal of Politics and History, vol.52, no.1, 2006, p.7. ‘Griffilwraith’ referred to the pro-business forces allied to McIlwraith and Samuel Griffith. McIlwraith subsequently lost the premiership, serving as chief secretary and secretary for railways from October.
3. Worker(), 9December1899. On the 1899 election, seeDavid Day, Andrew Fisher: Prime Minister of Australia,Fourth Estate,, 2008, pp.58-59; and, in more detail,Raymond Evans, ‘The politics of leprosy: race, disease and the rise of Labor’, inJoanne Scott andKay Saunders(eds), The World’s First Labor Government,Royal Historical Society of Queensland,, 2001.
4. Worker(), 6January1900.
5.The NSW ‘prototype’ argument is most famously made by Bede Nairn, Civilising Capitalism: The Beginnings of the Australian Labor Party(2nd ed.),Melbourne University Press,, 1989, and more critically byRay Markey, The Making of the Labor Party in New South Wales, 1880-1900,UNSWP,, 1988.
6.SeeD.P. Crook, ‘The Crucible – Labour in Coalition, 1903-7’inD.J. Murphy,R.B. Joyce andColin A. Hughes(eds), Prelude to Power: The Rise of the Labour Party in Queensland 1885-1915,Jacaranda,, 1970. On the concept of the two-party system more broadly, consultNick Dyrenfurth andPaul Strangio(eds), Confusion: The Making of the Australian Two-Party System,Melbourne University Press,, 2009.
7.On this concept, seeSean Scalmer andTerry Irving, ‘Labour intellectuals in Australia: modes, traditions, generations, transformations’, International Review of Social History, vol.50, no.1, April, 2005, pp.1-26;Sean Scalmer, ‘Being practical in early and contemporary Labor politics: a Labourist critique’, Australian Journal of Politics and History, vol.43, no.3, 1997, pp.301-311;Nick Dyrenfurth andMarian Quartly, ‘Fat man v ‘the people’: labour intellectuals and the making of oppositional identities, 1890–1901’, Labour History, no.92, May2007, pp.31-56.
8.Nick Dyrenfurth andMarian Quartly, “All the world over’: the transnational world of Australian radical and labour cartoonists, 1880s to 1920’, inRichard Scully andMarian Quartly(eds), Drawing the Line: Using Cartoons as Historical Evidence,Monash University E-press,, 2009, pp.6.1-6.47.
9.Henry E. Boote, ‘A Foreword’, inClaude Marquet, Cartoons by Claude Marquet: a commemorative volume, with appreciations by leading representatives of literature and politics,The Worker Trustee,, 1920, p.i.
10. Ross McMullin, Will Dyson: Australia’s Radical Genius,Scribe,, 2006. On Marquet, seeMarian Quartly, ‘Making working class heroes: Labor cartoonists and the Australian Worker, 1903-16’, Labour History, no.89, November2005, pp.159-178;Vane Lindesay andJohn McLaren, ‘The War Cartoons of Claude Marquet’, inAnna Rutherford andJames Wieland(eds), War: Australia’s Creative Response,Dangaroo Press,, 1997. More biographically, seeVane Lindesay, ‘Marquet, Claude Arthur (1869-1920)’, Australian Dictionary of Biography, Vol. 10,Melbourne University Press,, 1986, pp.417-418, cited athttp://adbonline.anu.edu.au/biogs/A100408b.htm, accessed November 2009.
11.Joe Harris, The Bitter Fight: A Pictorial History of the Australian Labor Movement,University of Queensland Press,, 1970;Marguerite Mahood, The Loaded Line: Australian Political Caricature 1788-1901,Melbourne University Press,, 1973;D.J. Murphy(ed.), Labor in Politics: the State Labor Parties in Australia, 1880-1920,University of Queensland Press,, 1975;Murphy, Joyce andHughes(eds), Prelude to Power;Australian Workers’ Union, The ‘Worker’s’ First Seventy Years, The Worker,, 1960;Suzanne Edgar, ‘Scott, Eugene Montagu (Monty) (1835-1909)’, Australian Dictionary of Biography, Vol. 6,Melbourne University Press,, 1976, p.95, cited athttp://adbonline.anu.edu.au/biogs/A060108b.htm, accessed November 2009;D. J. Murphy, ‘Case, James Thomas (1884-1921)’, Australian Dictionary of Biography, Vol. 7,Melbourne University Press,, 1979, pp.585-586, cited athttp://www.adb.online.anu. edu.au/biogs/A070592b.htm, accessed November 2009. Raymond Evans also reproduces a good number of Case’s images in hisThe Red Flag Riots: a Study of Intolerance,University of Queensland Press,, 1988.
12.For details on the extraordinary growth of labour and radical press, seeNick Dyrenfurth, Heroes and Villains: The Rise and Fall of the Early Australian Labor Party,Australian Scholarly Publishing,, 2010, ch. 2;Dyrenfurth andQuartly, ‘All the World Over’;B.J. Guyatt, ‘The Publicists – the Labour Press, 1880-1915’, inMurphy, Prelude to Power;Frank Bongiorno, ‘Constituting Labour: The Radical Press in Victoria, 1885-1914’, inAnn Curthoys andJulianne Schultz(eds), Journalism, Print, Politics and Popular Culture,University of Queensland Press,, 1999;Bruce Scates, A New Australia: Citizenship, Radicalism and the First Republic,Cambridge University Press,, 1997, ch. 2 (especially pp.57-73) andH.J. Gibbney, Labor in Print: A Guide to the People Who Created a Labor Press in Australia between 1850 and 1939,ANU Press,, 1975.
13.Nick Dyrenfurth, ‘Rethinking Labor tradition: synthesising discourse and experience’, Labour History, no.90, May2006, p.187. This argument is expanded upon in Dyrenfurth, Heroes and Villains, ‘Introduction’and ch. 2.
14.Edgar, ‘Scott’, ADB. The next three paragraphs draw heavily upon her biographical note. TheBulletineven claimed that Scott enjoyed a career as‘a fairly good amateur actor’(Bulletin, 27May1909).
15.Alfred Clint, ‘People We Know, No. II (“In my gallery thy picture hangs”)’, Sydney Punch, December1878.
16.Ross Woodward, ‘Queen Victoria versus ‘King Billy’: Images as History’,Refereed Conference Paper presented to the Australian Council of University Art and Design Schools’ Annual Conference,Tasmanian School of Art, University of Tasmania, 2003, cited athttp://www.acuads.com.au/conf2003/papers_refereed/woodrow_1of2.pdf, accessed November 2009.
17.Mahood, The Loaded Line, p.66;Edgar, ‘Scott’, ADB.
18.SeeMahood, The Loaded Line, pp.211-212.
19.Marilyn Lake, ‘The politics of respectability: identifying the masculinist context’, Historical Studies, no.22, 1986, pp.116-131, andMarilyn Lake, ‘Socialism and manhood: the case of William Lane’, Labour History, no.50, May1986, pp.54-66. See alsoNick Dyrenfurth, “A terrible monster’: from ‘employers to capitalists’ in the 1885-86 Melbourne wharf labourers’ strike’, Labour History, no.94, May2008, pp.92-94.
20.Montagu Scott, ‘Wealth and want: the Queensland Samson’, Boomerang, 22December1888. This image is reproduced in Dyrenfurth,‘A terrible monster’, p.94.
21.Montagu Scott, ‘The Devil We Have’, Boomerang, 3August1889.
22.Montagu Scott, ‘Imperialism Vetoes the Immigration Bill’, Boomerang, 6April1888. Britain represented by the figure of ‘Policeman Knutsford’ reproaches her in a symbolic nod to Britain’s diplomatic sensitivities as regards China: ‘See here, young woman! If you do anything so un-British as shooting, I’ll push my bayonet through you.’ Scott was here drawing upon another, an earlier and no less infamous anti-Chinese image,E.M. Murray’s‘Wake, Australia Wake!’(Boomerang, 11February1888), which showed a pig-tailed Chinese man with a knife between his teeth entering the bedroom of a sleeping Queensland beauty.
23.Montagu Scott, ‘Where are the Police?’, Boomerang, 4August1888. Scott’s commentary directly reacted to the Normanton anti-Malay riots of the same year. See Jacqui Donegan and Raymond Evans,‘Running amok: the Normanton race riots of 1888 and the genesis of white Australia’, inJournal of Australian Studies, no.71, 2001, pp.83-98.
24.Marilyn Lake and Henry Reynolds, Drawing the Global Colour Line: White Men’s Countries and the Question of Racial Equality,Melbourne University Press,, 2008, p.2;Ray Markey, ‘Race and Labour in Australia’, The Historian, vol.58, no.2, 1996, p.343.
25.John Rickard, Australia: A Cultural History(2nd edn),Longman,, 1996, p.108;Markey, ‘Race and Labour in Australia’, p.346;Benedict Anderson, Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism (2nd edn), Verso, London, 1991.
26.Dyrenfurth andQuartly, ‘All the world over’, p.06.6;Andrew Markus, Fear and Hatred: Purifying Australia and California, 1850-1901,Hale and Iremonger,, 1979, chs 4, 5 and 8.
27.Markey, ‘Race and Labour in Australia’, p.347, and, more generally,Markey, The Making of the Labor Party.
28.Raymond Evans, A History of Queensland,Cambridge University Press,, 2007, pp.107and129.
29.Rickard, Australia, p.107.
30.On the debate as to the causation of worker racism, seeVerity Burgmann, ‘Who our enemies are: Andrew Markus and the baloney view of Australian racism’, Labour History, no.49, 1985, pp.97-101;Andrew Markus, ‘Explaining the treatment of non-European immigrants in nineteenth century Australia’, Labour History, no.48, 1985, pp.86-91, as well as the earlier collection,Ann Curthoys andAndrew Markus(eds), Who Are Our Enemies? Racism and the Australian Working Classes,Hale and Iremonger,, 1978.
31.Robin Gollan, Radical and Working Class Politics: a Study of Eastern Australia, 1850-1910,Melbourne University Press,, 1960, pp.128-129, pp.145-150and ch. 8.
32.Ross McMullin, The Light on the Hill: The Australian Labor Party, 1891-1991,Oxford University Press,, 1992, p.26.
33.TheWorkerboard first met on 14 February 1890. It consisted of Gilbert Casey (chairman), Albert Hinchcliffe (treasurer), Charles Seymour (secretary), Matt Reid and W. Mabbott. In 1893, Blackwell was replaced by W.G. Higgs. Having won a seat in the Queensland parliament in 1899, Higgs resigned, passing the editorial baton to Charlie Seymour who subsequently appointed Frank Kenna to the position. When Kenna entered parliament in 1902, H.E. Boote edited the paper until 1911. Seymour once again took charge before Jack Hanlon was appointed, holding the position from 1915 to 1943 (AWU, The ‘Worker’s’ First Seventy Years, pp.22and23).
34.Mark Hearn andHarry Knowles, One Big Union: A History of the Australian Workers’ Union,Cambridge University Press,, 1996, pp.102, 106.
35.Guyatt, ‘The Publicists’, p.250.
36.AWU, The ‘Worker’s’ First Seventy Years, p.23.
37.SeeSimon Booth, Picturing Politics: Cartoons of Melbourne’s Labour Press, 1890-1919, UnpublishedPhD thesis,University of Melbourne,School of Historical Studies, 2008, andDyrenfurth andQuartly, ‘All the World Over’, pp.6.13-6.17. OnQuiz, seeMahood, The Loaded Line, p.217.
38.Livingstone Hopkins, ‘The Labour Crisis’, Bulletin, 16August1890(SeeDyrenfurth andQuartly, ‘Fat Man v ‘The People”, pp.31-120). Apart from American imagery, he is clearly drawing on Scott’sBoomerangimage of Capital and Labour from the previous year which itself alluded to Aesop’s fable of two goats that butted heads (Montagu Scott, ‘One of them must lie down or – ’, Boomerang, 13April1889). On the historical background andfin de siécleeconomic and cultural factors surrounding the cartooning choice of Fat Man, seeDyrenfurth andQuartly, ‘Fat Man v “The People”’, pp.37-40andDyrenfurth andQuartly, ‘All the world over’, p.06.12.
39.Dyrenfurth andQuartly, ‘All the World Over’, p.06.6.
40.Montagu Scott, ‘The Spirit of the Times’, Boomerang, 13September1890. See alsoMontagu Scott, ‘Which One Will Get Up First?’, Boomerang, 30August1890.
41.Montagu Scott, ‘Why Don’t They Drop Him?’, Worker(), 17April1897;Montagu Scott, ‘The Middle Man’, Worker(), 12January1895;Montagu Scott, ‘The Bushwhackers’ Brigade’, Worker(), 20January1900.
42.Montagu Scott, ‘All the World Over’, Worker(), 23May1903.
43.Michael Leach, “Manly, True and White’: Masculine Identity and Australian Socialism’, inGeoff Stokes(ed.), The Politics of Identity in Australia,Cambridge University Press,, 1997;Dyrenfurth, ‘A terrible monster’, pp.91-96.
44.Montagu Scott, ‘The Governor’s Speech’, Worker(), 28July1894andMontagu Scott, ‘Labour’s First Step on Entry’, Worker(), 13May1893.
45.Montagu Scott, ‘It Blocks the Way’, Worker(), 30September1905.
46.Montagu Scott, ‘Falstaff Up To Date’, Worker(), 8May1893.
47.Montagu Scott, ‘Labour’s Empire Day’, Worker(), 26May1906.
48.Chinese immigration was virtually eliminated by the Statebeforethe White Australia policy of 1901. Between 1888 and 1901 Australia’s Chinese population fell from about 50,000 to about 32,000 (Keith Willey, ‘Australia’s Population’, inCurthoys andMarkus, Who Are Our Enemies?, p.5).
49.Montagu Scott, ‘Up for vagrancy, Or what may soon happen in Queensland’, Worker(), 25July1896. See also Scott’s image of a rural town dominated by Chinese; ‘The Yellow Agony (‘A VIEW IN CHINA? – Oh dear, no! – It’s only the main street in one of our inland towns’), Worker(), 16January1897. In an image from the previous year the racial invader is Japanese, literally fanning out across Queensland (‘The March of the Jap’, Worker(), 16May1896) and, from 1897, a sword-wielding Japanese robber enters the bedroom window of a female White Queensland‘A Coalition Government: A Coalition with the Japanese to ruin Queensland’, Worker(), 31July1897.
50.Montagu Scott, ‘The Curse of Cheap Labour’, Worker(), 20January1900.
51.Robin Archer, Why Is There No Labor Party in the United States?,Princeton University Press,, 2007, p.58. Other variants of this argument appear inMarkus, Fear and Loathing, pp.211-219, andMarkey, The Making of the Labor Party, ch. 10.
52.Montagu Scott, ‘Two Peoples – One Destiny’, Worker(), 14June1902;Montagu Scott, ‘The Loaves and Fishes’, Worker(), 6October1894.
53.Mahood suggests that the Goanna might be Ebenezer Murray (Mahood, The Loaded Line, p.237). He also appeared to pen other anti-Semitic and anti-Asian images under the ironic pseudonym, ‘S.F. Grifelwaite’.
54.The Goanna,‘The Money Lender to the Unemployed’, Worker(), 11June1892. SeePeter Love, Labour and the Money Power: Australian Labour Populism 1890-1950,Melbourne University Press,, 1984, pp.6, 37-38. For a broader reading of anti-Semitism on the Left, seePhilip Mendes, ‘Left attitudes towards Jews: Antisemitism and Philosemitism’, Australian Journal of Jewish Studies, vol.9, no.1, 1995, pp.7-44.
55.Donald Dewey, The Art of Ill Will: The Story of American Political Cartoons,New York University Press,, p.179.
56.Richard Levy(ed.), Antisemitism: A Historical Encyclopedia of Prejudice and Persecution,:ABC-CLIO, 2005, pp.98-107.
57.Worth Robert Miller, ‘Educating the masses: cartoons from the populist press of the 1890s’, American Nineteenth Century History, vol.4, no.2, June2003, p.106. Thanks to Harry Knowles for this reference.
58.On social democratic labourism, seeDyrenfurth, Heroes and Villains, ‘Introduction’, andNick Dyrenfurth, ‘What should Labor stand for?’, inNick Dyrenfurth andTim Soutphommasane(eds), All That’s Left: What Labor Should Stand For,UNSWP,, 2010.
59.Love, Money Power, p.1. Consult alsoDyrenfurth, Heroes and Villains, ‘Introduction’.
60.Markey, ‘Populist Politics’, pp.75-76, andMurphy, ‘Queensland’, p.208.
61.Montagu Scott, ‘The Clutch of the Money Power’, Worker(), 22April1899.
62.Lenore Layman, ‘Fighting Fatman Fetteration: Labour Culture and Federation’, inMark Hearn andGreg Patmore(eds), Working the Nation: Working Life and Federation, 1890-1914,Pluto Press,, 2001, p.48.
63.Montagu Scott, ‘Where do I come in?’, Worker(), 10June1899. See alsoMontagu Scott, ‘The Road to Market’, Worker(), 26August1898.
64. Gympie Truth, 2April1901.
65.Montagu Scott, ‘Labor’s Xmas Gift to the Commonwealth’, Worker(), 14December1901. SeeDyrenfurth, Heroes and Villains, ch. 3.
66.Montagu Scott, ‘On Guard’, Worker(), 10November1906.
67.Montagu Scott, ‘The Federal Situation’, Worker(), 7May1904.
68.For more on this iconography and political sea-change, seeDyrenfurth, ‘Labor’s view of fusion’, inDyrenfurth andStrangio(eds), Confusion, pp.78-86.
69.Edgar, ‘Scott’, ADB.
70. Worker(), 22May1909.
71.Artist Unknown,‘Portrait of Jim Case’, 24June1921, Worker(), 27October1921.
72. Bulletin, 3November1921.
73.Murphy, ‘Case’.
74. Australian Worker, 27October1921.
75.Jim Case, ‘The Modern Andromeda’, Worker(), 11March1911.
76.Jim Case, ‘Every Labour Vote Wanted!’, Worker(), 3October1912.
77.Jim Case, ‘The Fusion Army’, Worker(), 22January1910. See alsoJim Case, ‘Anti-National Guttersnipes’, Worker(), 9December1911, and the post-fusion image,Jim Case, ‘The Builder and the Destroyer’, Worker(), 10April1913.
78.Jim Case, ‘Economic Bloodsuckers’, Worker(), 1May1913.
79.Dyrenfurth, ‘Labor’s view of fusion’, pp.99-101.
80.Jim Case, ‘Electors! Will you let him?’, Worker(), 23March1910. See alsoJim Case, Worker(),‘Electors, strengthen it!’, Worker(), 8January1910.
81. Worker(), 21April1910.
82.For example,Frederick Opper, ‘Willie and his Papa’, San Francisco Examiner, 7August1900. Surveys of this cartooning phenomenoncan be found inStephen Hess andMilton Kaplan, The Ungentlemanly Art: a History of American Political Cartoons,Macmillan,, 1968, p.124;Dewey, Art of Ill Will, p.124;William Murrell, A History of American Graphic Humor: 1865-1938, Vol. 2,Macmillan,, 1967, p.176.
83.Jim Case, ‘Black Friday’, Worker(), 12February1912.
84.Jim Case, ‘Clear the way, ye Lords and Lackeys’, Worker(), 1January1910.
85.Jim Case, ‘Diverting his Attention’, Worker(), 6February1909.
86.Originally published in theAustralian Worker, it was reprinted as a leaflet with distribution running to one million copies.Vane Lindesay, ‘Australian Cartoonists and World War One’, inAnna Rutherford andJames Wieland(eds), War: Australia’s Creative Response,Dangaroo Press,, 1997, p.84. See alsoVane Lindesay andJohn McLaren, ‘The War Cartoons of Claude Marquet’, inRutherford andWieland, Australia’s Creative Response).
87.Barry York, ‘The Maltese, White Australia, and conscription: ‘Il-Tfal Ta Billy Hughes’, Labour History, no.57, November1989, p.1.
88.Jim Case, ‘History Repeated – A Famous Ancient Ruse’, Worker(), 28September1916.
89.Nick Dyrenfurth, ‘Labor’s fusion legacy’, inDyrenfurth andStrangio(eds), Confusion, pp.293-96, andDyrenfurth, Heroes and Villains, ch. 6.
90.For instance,Will Dyson, ‘Now or Never’, Labor Call, 19October1916.
91.Jim Case, ‘The Sifting’, Worker(), 23November1916. On this topic, seeDyrenfurth andQuartly, ‘All the World Over’, pp.06.31-06.38.
92. Australian Worker, 6November1919.
93.Marquet similarly dispensed with his populist imagery of heroic rural workers after 1918, preferring to depict the ALP as a blue-collar, industrial worker (Claude Marquet, ‘Dignity and Impudence’, Australian Worker, 25September1919) who often engaged global capital in the more universal struggle between classes (Claude Marquet, ‘When They Meet’, Australian Worker, 24April1919).
94.Jim Case, ‘Breaking the Chains’, Worker(), 22August1918.
95.Jim Case, ‘Flicking them off’, Worker(), 10July1919. See alsoJim Case, ‘The Meddler’ Worker(), 10July1919.
96.Jim Case, ‘His Masterpiece’, Worker(), 8July1920.
97.Evans, The Red Flag Riots, ch. 4.
98.Jim Case, ‘Carving the ‘Corpus”, Truth, 26December1920.
99.Jim Case, ‘Onward Christian Soldier’, Truth, 20March1921.
100.Jim Case, ‘Australia “Alarmed”’, Truth, 2January1921.
101.Jim Case, ‘Will They Pull Together?’, Truth, 6March1921.
102. Worker(), 27October1921.
103. Australian Worker, 27October1921.
104.Lindesay, ‘Marquet’, ADB.
105. Australian Worker, 27October1921.