Endnotes
1.A.J. Taylor, ‘Trade unions and the politics of social democratic renewal’, West European Politics, vol.16, no.1, January1993, pp.133-55.
2.Fielding argues that despite national variations in what constitutes social democracy – whether ‘labour’ or ‘social democratic’ or ‘Socialist’ parties – ‘all social democrats sought to transform free market capitalism into a more regulated system they described as socialism’.S. Fielding, The Labour Party: Continuity and Change in the Making of ‘New’ Labour,Palgrave Macmillan,, 2003, p.60.
3.D. Harvey, Spaces of Global Capitalism,Verso,, 2006, p.14. With a largely German focus, Egle and Henkes include among traditional social democratic policies reforms such as progressive taxation aimed at redistributing wealth, generous welfare provision and legal protections for employees, and full employment. Social democrats from Australia mention similar policies, including spending on pensions, unemployment relief and public health and education, investment in infrastructure and publicly owned enterprises, and policies aimed at reducing workers’ exploitation.C. Egle andC. Henkes, ‘In search of social democracy: explaining the politics and policies of the Schroeder Government 1998-2002’, inStephen Haseler andHenning Meyer(eds), Reshaping Social Democracy: Labour and the SPD in the New Century,European Research Forum,, 2004, pp.163, 164.D. Kerr, Elect the Ambassador! Building Democracy in a Globalised World,Pluto Press,, 2001, p.4.
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6.F.W. Scharpf, Crisis and Choice in European Social Democracy,Cornell University Press,, 1991, p.23.
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12.A. Lavelle, The Death of Social Democracy: Political Consequences in the 21stCentury,Ashgate,, 2008.
13.E. Hobsbawm, The Age of Extremes: The Short Twentieth Century, 1914-1991,Michael Joseph,, 1994, p.411;G. Ross, ‘The changing face of popular power in France’, inF.F. Piven, (ed.), Labor Parties in Postindustrial Societies,Polity Press,, 1991, pp.71-73.
14.Lavelle, The Death of Social Democracy. An exception to this might be the Clinton Administration’s defeat over health-care reform. This, however, was a modest policy ambition among an otherwise extremely conservative Democratic agenda.
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