Endnotes

1.It is noted that there is a wide body of contemporary research examining systems of political management at the state and federal levels in Australia. Particular attention has been directed towards the changing application of Westminster principles, and, how public servants are viewed and located within modern governance frameworks. Studies on New Public Management and public service responsiveness have also received significant attention. SeeR.A.W Rhodes,J. Wanna andP. Weller, ‘Reinventing Westminster: How public executives reframe their world’, Policy and Politics, vol.30, no.4, 2008, pp.461-79;J. Halligan, ‘Beyond Westminster: The new machinery of subnational government: Political management in the Australian states’, Public Money & Management, vol.21, no.2, 2001, pp.9-15;P. Fairbrother andJ. O’Brien ‘Introduction: Changing public sector industrial relations in the Australian state’, Australian Journal of Public Administration, vol.59, no.4, December2000, pp.54-59;C. Matheson, ‘Are clerical workers proletarian? A case study of the Australian Public Service’, The British Journal of Sociology, vol.58, no.4, 2007, pp.577-602. Google Scholar

2.R. Markey, ‘Organisational consolidation and unionateness in the NSW Public Service Association, 1899-1939’, Labour History, no.99.November2010, pp.97-114;P. Sheldon, ‘A middle class union: The early years of the NSW PSA’, Labour & Industry, vol.2, no.1, 1989, pp.103-11. Google Scholar

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5.The term ‘public servants’ will hereafter refer to Victorian state departmental public servants. Railways workers, police officers and teachers are not the specific focus of this paper. Regulations governing the political rights of public servants were historically not uniform across all sectors of the public service. For an introduction to the development of political rights in the police force seeR.K. Haldane, The People’s Force: A History of the Victoria Police,Melbourne University Press,, 1986. In the field of education, seeR. Biddington, ‘Emerging teacher unionism in Victoria, 1872-1879’, Journal of Further and Higher Education, vol.4, no.2, 1980, pp.12-20. Google Scholar

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8.The principles underpinning the British public service evolved over hundreds of years and can be traced back to the English revolution of 1688. The repercussions of this event were lasting as the British parliament deemed it necessary to consolidate its victory and deprive the Crown of its most powerful entitlement, the right to nominate public servants. Over the next century a long drawn list of legislative statutes sought to disarm the Crown by removing public servants from the arena of politics. The political rights of a public servant to vote and to sit in parliament were revoked. It was the first in many steps towards ensuring the Crown be subject to greater accountability. Despite this, the Crown continued to exert influence through a network of personal relationships with members of parliament. SeeJ. Christoph, ‘Political rights and administrative impartiality in the British civil service’, The American Political Science Review, vol.51, 1957, p.77;G.K. Clark, ‘“Statesmen in disguise”: reflexions on the history of the neutrality of the civil service’, The Historical Journal, vol.2, 1959, pp.19-39;E. Cohen, The Growth of the British Civil Service, 1780-1939,George Allen and Unwin,, 1941;R. Butler, ‘The evolution of the civil service: A progress report’, Public Administration, vol.71, no.3, pp.395-406;D. Eaton, Civil Service in Great Britain: A History of Abuses and Reforms and their Bearing upon American Politics,Harper & Brothers, 1880;R. Moses.The Civil Service of Great Britain,Columbia University Press,, 1914;H. Parris, Constitutional Bureaucracy: The Development of British Central Administration Since the Eighteenth Century,Allen and Unwin,, 1969, pp.34-35;S. Northcote, andC. Trevelyan, Report on the Organisation of the Permanent Civil Service, 23rdNovember1853, Submitted to both Houses of Parliament by Command of Her Majesty inFebruary1854, Paper1713. Google Scholar

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13.Foster held the position of Colonial Secretary, Stawell Attorney-General, and Childers Auditor General. Childers later returned to Britain and became Chancellor of the Exchequer. Both Nicholson and Haines ascended to the Premiership during their political careers;Charles Parkinson, Sir William Stawell and the Making of Victoria’s Constitution,Australian Scholarly Publishing,, 2004, pp.14-45. Google Scholar

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21.TheArgus, 13February1854, noted that Stawell was a ‘very rich man’ designing a system for other rich men. Google Scholar

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25.Ibid, p.74. Google Scholar

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42. Government Gazette, 8January1867, p.38, Regulation 21. Google Scholar

43.Ibid., Regulation 23. Google Scholar

44.Etched into the memories of public servants were the events of8January1878– which became known as‘Black Wednesday’– when Premier Graham Berry dismissed hundreds of public servants, together with county court judges, coroners, crown prosecutors and police magistrates. Berry’s enemies in the Legislative Council had refused to pass the government’s budget. Berry was also suspicious that senior public servants were conspiring against him with his conservative opponents and this was the premier’s dramatic response. For an overview of the events, seeA. Deakin, The Crisis in Victorian Politics, 1879-1881,Melbourne University Press,, 1957. Google Scholar

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48.George Tibbits remarked that‘Nothing approaching the arrogant pride of the 1880s was to return to Melbourne until the prosperous 1960s’; cited inMelbourne on my Mind,Australian Broadcasting Commission,, 2001, p.81. Google Scholar

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62.The 1894 budget, drafted by TreasurerG.D. Carter, was a disaster for Patterson. The Premier was so embarrassed he offered to withdraw it. Google Scholar

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92.Ibid., p.193. Google Scholar

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119.Changes to the political rights of public servants since 1916 have primarily concerned the position of public servants wishing to enter parliament. In 1935 members of the public and railway services became eligible to stand for State Parliament, meaning they no longer had to resign their positions in order to run. In 1956 public servants elected to State Parliament gained the right to reinstatement if they ceased to qualify for a parliamentary pension. In 1977 the right to stand for election to State Parliament was expanded to any person ‘being the holder of any office or place of profit under the Crown or in any manner employed in the public service of Victoria.’ SeeConstitution Act 1975(Victoria), no.9077, ss.3. Google Scholar

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