Footnotes
*The author would like to thank the two anonymous referees ofLabour Historyfor their comments and suggestions. Thanks are also due to the editor, Professor John Shields, for his support and encouragement, and his advice on turning the draft into a publishable article.
1.Tony Ohlsson, “The Origins of a White Australia: The Coolie Question 1837–43,” Journal of the Royal Australian Historical Society 97(December2011):203–5.
2.Lord to Rawdon, 1 January 1847, Great Britain, Public Records Office, Colonial Office (CO), CO 201/408, 90. Sandeman’s evidence, 29 August 1854, questions (qq.) 25–32, 36, 37, Select Committee on Asiatic Labor 1854, New South Wales Legislative Council (NSW LC), Votes and Proceedings(V&P), 1854, vol. 2.Henry Stuart Russell, The Genesis of Queensland(:Vintage Books, 1989), 387–88.
3.Lowe, NSW LC, Sydney Morning Herald (SMH), 2 October1847.
6.Henry Cornish, Under the Southern Cross(:Higginbotham, 1880), 298–307.
7.Henry Parkes, Fifty Years in the Making of Australian History, Volume 1(:Books for Libraries Press, 1971), 107–8.
8.Myra Willard, History of the White Australia Policy to 1920(:MUP, 1967), 8.
9.Charles A. Price, The Great White Walls are Built(:ANU Press, 1974), 43–44.Robert A. Huttenback, Racism and Empire(:Cornell University Press, 1976).James Jupp, ed., The Australian People(:CUP, 2001), 434.
10.Janet Doust, “Setting Up Boundaries in Colonial Eastern Australia,” Australian Historical Studies 35(April2004):164.
11.Rickett’s evidence, 21 June 1830, qq. 5580–82, 5586–87, 5591, 5593, 5997–99, Second Report, Select Committee on the Affairs of the East India Company, British Parliamentary Papers(PP) 1830, V (655).V. R. Gaikwad, The Anglo-Indians(:Asia Publishing House, 1967), 15–20.
12.Gaikwad, The Anglo-Indians, 21–26.
13.Petition from East Indians (Bengal), appendix IV, Sixth Report, Select Committee on Indian Territories, pp. 206–9, PP1852–53, XXIX (897).
14.Melville’s evidence, 10 May 1852, qq. 625–28; Bird’s evidence, 18 May 1852, qq. 1152–58; Millett’s evidence, 24 May 1852, qq. 1353–54, 1363–64, 1367, Select Committee, House of Lords, on India, PP1852–53, XXX (41).
15.Duff’s evidence, 19 April 1853, q. 4817, Select Committee, House of Lords, into the Act for the Better Government of Her Majesty’s Indian Territories, PP1852–53, XXXI (627).
16.Burton, meeting, Madras Athenaeum, 6 January1852, reprintedSMH, 20 May1852.
17.Percival Spear, The Nabobs(:OUP, 1963), 63–64.
18.Christopher Hawes, Poor Relations(:Curzon, 1996), 60.
25.Grant’s minute on the abuses alleged to exist in the export of coolies, Copies of papers respecting the exportation of Hill Coolies, received from the Government of India, 1–32, PP1841, XVI (427).Hugh Tinker, A New System of Slavery(:OUP, 1974), 62–71.
26.Report of the Committee on Emigration from India to the Crown Colonies and Protectorates (Sanderson Report), 7–9, 13, 39, 41–42, PP1910, command 5192–94.
29.Burton to Governor in Council, Madras, 16 January 1852; Chief Secretary, Madras, to Colonial Secretary, 6 February 1852; East Indian Immigration, NSW LC V&P, 1852, vol. 2.
32.Immigration agent to Colonial Secretary, 15 June 1852, SMH, 10 July 1852.
35.Marsh’s evidence, 9 July 1852, q. 2, Select Committee on Immigration 1852, NSW LCV&P, 1852, vol. 2.
36.Towns, meeting, SMH, 16 June 1854.
37.Parkes, Fifty Years in the Making of Australian History, Volume1, 101.
38.T. A. Coughlan, Labour and Industry in Australia, Volume 2(:Macmillan Australia, 1969), 687–93.
39.SMH, 1 June1852.Shipping Gazette and General Trade List, 5 June1852. Memorial on East Indian Immigration, M 12 724 in 4/1052, SRNSW.
40.Carol Liston, Sarah Wentworth, Mistress of Vaucluse(:Historic Houses Trust NSW, 1988), 36–37, 54–55.
41.SMH, 5 February1849.
42.Wentworth, NSW LC, SMH, 10 April1848.
43.Debate, NSW LC, SMH, 11 June1852.
44.Second Progress Report; Browne’s evidence, 1 July 1852, qq. 9, 12–14, 69, 74, 102; Brownrigg’s evidence, 7 July 1852, qq. 1, 3–8, 11, 14, 18, Select Committee on Immigration 1852. FitzRoy to Pakington, 19 October 1852, CO 201/454, 209–10.Empire, 2, 5 October 1852. SMH, 4 October 1852.
49.Wentworth, NSW LC, SMH, 15 December1852.
50.Freeman’s Journal, 27 May1852, 10 June1852.
51.“J. B.,” Freeman’s Journal, 17 June1852.
52.“Tirante Lo Blanco,” Empire, 14 June1852.
53. Empire, 19 June1852.
54. SMH, 1, 7 June1852.
55. Maitland Mercury, 26 May1852.
56.Bathurst Free Press, 29 May1852.
57. Moreton Bay Courier, 12 June1852.
59.Madras Crescent, 30 October1852.Madras Athenaeum, 6 November 1852, reprinted inSMH, 1 February 1853.
62.Shipping arrivals, 4/5243; Immigrants inspected by the Immigration Board, Shipping lists 1853 (William Prowse), 4/4936, SRNSW.
63.SMH, 24 February1853.New South Wales Government Gazette, 23 February1853, supplement, 383.
64.Empire, 21 February1853.SMH, 26 February1853. Immigration agent to Colonial Secretary, 16 March1853, 53/2502 in 4/3193, SRNSW.
65.Colonial Secretary to Burton, 15 April1853, 4/3526, SRNSW.
66.Ritchie to Colonial Secretary, 29 August 1854, 54/9697; List of emigrants to Sydney by shipPalmyrasent by the East Indian Emigration Society of Madras in August1854, 54/9697, M 12 724 in 4/1052, SRNSW.
67.Shipping reports, 1854, 4/5246; Shipping lists, 1854: Assisted immigrants inspected by the Immigration Board, 4/4939, SRNSW.
68.Towns’ evidence, 23 November 1854, qq. 24–26, Select Committee on Asiatic Labor1854.
70.Immigration agent to Colonial Secretary, 17 November 1854 (54/9998), 8 December 1854 (54/10650), 7 February 1855, 55/1328, M 12 724 in 4/1052, SRNSW.Moreton Bay Courier, 9, 30 December1854.
73.Immigration agent to Colonial Secretary, 7 February 1855, 55/1328, Papers relating to Eurasian Immigration, NSW LC V&P, 1855, vol. 2.
75. Empire, 11, 12, 16 January1854;11, 15 February1854. SMH, 11, 15 February1854.Parkes, Fifty Years in the Making of Australian History, Volume 1, 101–7.
77. SMH, 31 May1854.
78.Towns, meeting, SMH, 16 June1854. Towns’ evidence, 29 August1854, qq. 4–6, Select Committee on Asiatic Labor1854.
79.Debate, NSW LC, SMH, 8 July1854.Empire, 8 July1854.
80. Empire, 8 July1854.
81. Empire, 7 November1854.
82. Illustrated Sydney News, 11 November1854.
86. Empire, 19 December1854.
87.Parkes, Fifty Years in the Making of Australian History, Volume 1, 108.
88.Edward Long, History of Jamaica, Volume 2(:T. Lownes, 1774), 327.
89.“J. B,” Freeman’s Journal, 17 June1852.
92.Thomson, NSW LC, Empire, 22 November1851.
93.Ohlsson, “The Origins of a White Australia,” 207, 216–17.
94.Wentworth’s evidence, 24 June 1837, Select Committee on Immigration, Indian and British 1837, NSW LCV&P, 1837.
95.Colonist, 20 July 1837, 21 September 1837.
96. Australian, 5 January1841, 4 May 1847.
97.Atlas, 24 April 1847.Port Phillip Herald, 6 May1847.People’s Advocate, 6 July1850.Maitland Mercury, 29 November1851, 15 August1854.Moreton Bay Free Press, 11, 14, 18 March1852.
98. SMH, 23 April1847, 6 July 1850.
99.R. B. Madgwick, Immigration to Eastern Australia(:SUP, 1969), 90–94.
100.Cornish, Under the Southern Cross, 307.
103.Immigration agent to Colonial Secretary, 27 October 1854, 7 February 1855, 5 March 1855, Papers relating to Eurasian Immigration, NSW LCV&P, 1855, vol. 2. Browne’s evidence, 23 October 1855, qq. 1–5, 11, 15, 20, 21, 44–45, 50, 54, Select Committee on Immigration 1855, NSW LC V&P, 1855, vol. 2.
104.Proceedings of the Executive Council, 19 February1855, with respect to Eurasian Immigrants, Papers relating to Eurasian immigration, NSW LCV&P, 1855, vol. 2.
105.Colonial Secretary to Burton, 31 March 1855; Colonial Secretary to Secretary, Madras Emigration Society, 31 March1855, 4/3572, SRNSW.