Footnotes
*The author would like to thank the two anonymous referees ofLabour Historyfor their comments and suggestions.
1.For a discussion of this concept, seeDian Marie Hosking, “Organising, Leadership and Skilful Process,” Journal of Management Studies 25, no. 2(1988); Joseph Clarence Rost, Leadership for the Twenty-First Century(New York: Prager, 1993).
2.Jill Blackmore, “Social Justice and the Study and Practice of Leadership in Education: A Feminist History,” in “Administration and Leadership in Education: A Case for History?”special issue, Journal of Educational Administration and History 38, no. 2(2006):185–200.
3.Christina Cregan, “Can Organising Work? An Inductive Analysis of Industrial Attitudes to Union Membership,” Industrial and Labour Relations Review 58(2005):282.
4.Joan Eveline and Lorraine Hayden, eds, Carrying the Banner: Women, Leadership and Activism in Australia(:University of Western Australia Press, 1999), 153.
5.See for example,Edna Ryan and Anne Conlon, Gentle Invaders: Australian Women at Work 1788-1974, 2nd ed.(:Penguin, 1989); Patricia Grimshaw, “The ‘Equals and Comrades of Men?’Tocsinand ‘the Woman Question,’” inDebutante Nation: Feminism Contests the 1890s, ed., Susan Magarey, Sue Rowley and Susan Sheridan (Sydney: Allen and Unwin, 1993).
6.For example,Bobbie Oliver, Jean Beadle: A Life of Labor Activism(:University of Western Australia Press, 2007); Rosemary Francis, “Muriel Heagney (1885-1974): Pioneering Labour Woman Leader,” inFounders, Firsts and Feminists: Women Leaders in Twentieth-Century Australia, ed. Fiona Davis, Nell Musgrove and Judith Smart (Melbourne: eScholarship Research Centre, University of Melbourne, 2011), 205-217; Deborah Jordan, “Leading the Call for ‘One Vote and No More’: Emma Miller (1839-1917),” inSeizing the Initiative: Australian Women Leaders in Politics, Workplaces and Communities, ed., Rosemary Francis, Patricia Grimshaw and Ann Standish (Melbourne: eScholarship Research Centre, University of Melbourne, 2012), 50-60; Pam Young, Proud to Be a Rebel: The Life and Times of Emma Miller(Brisbane: University of Queensland Press, 1991); Brad Norington, Jennie George(Sydney: Allen & Unwin, 1999); Jackie Dickenson, “Leadership in the Constituency Service of Women Labor Members of Parliament,” in Francis, Grimshaw and Standish, Seizing the Initiative, 392-405; Karin Dowling, “Recording Tasmanian Labour History: Analysing the Narratives of Three Breakthrough Women Union Leaders,”Tasmanian Historical Studies15 (2012): 151-74.
7.Blackmore, “Social Justice,” 186.
8.For a discussion offering a broader concept of leadership, seeAmanda Sinclair, “Doing Leadership Differently,”in Francis, Grimshaw and Standish, Seizing the Initiative, 15-34.
9.Gill Kirton and Geraldine Healy, “Women and Trade Union Leadership: Key Theoretical Concepts from UK-based Literature,”accessed February2013,http://hosted.busman.qmul.ac.uk/wtul/Files/17173.pdf; Melvina Metochi, “The Influence of Leadership and Member Attitudes in Understanding the Nature of Union Participation,”British Journal of Industrial Relations40, no. 1 (March 2002): 87-111.
10.Bob Bessant and Andrew Spaull, Teachers in Conflict(:Melbourne University Press, 1972), 98.
11.Jan Bassett, “Matters of Conscience”: A History of the Victorian Secondary Teachers’ Association(:Penfolk, 1995).
12.Andrew Spaull, “Teacher Union History,” History of Education Review 14, no. 2(1985): 1-3.
13.Claire Kelly, Women in the VSTA: A Record of the VSTA’s Curriculum and Industrial Policies Towards the Elimination of Sexism in Education(:VSTA, 1986).
14.Stuart Macintyre, A Concise History of Australia(:Cambridge University Press, 1999), 229.
15.Anna Booth, “Board Director and Policy Developer,”
Macquarie University, accessed February2013,http://lmsf.mq.edu.au/women_management_work_conference_2011/speakers/anna_booth.
16.Bassett, Matters of Conscience, 118.
17.Barbara Pocock, “Trade Unionism,”inAustralian Feminism: A Companion, ed.,Barbara Caine(:Oxford University Press, 1998), 328.
18.Simone de Beauvoir, The Second Sex(:Penguin, 1953); Betty Friedan, The Feminine Mystique(Ringwood, Vic.: Penguin, 1965); Germaine Greer, The Female Eunuch(London: Granada, 1971).
19.Marjorie Theobald, Knowing Women: Origins of Women’s Education in Nineteenth-Century Australia(:Cambridge University Press, 1996), 162.
20.Hilary Gill and Nancy Russell, interview with author, August 10, 1998.
21.Jean Mee, interview with author, November 6, 1997.
22.Bassett, Matters of Conscience, 105.
23.Age, September 15, 1971, 3.
24.Kirton and Healy, “Women and Trade Union Leadership,” 7.
25.Mary Bluett, interview with author, March 18, 1997, August 8, 2000, June 21 and 30, 2011; Susan Hopgood, interview with author, March 3, 1999, September 13 and 22, 2011. The interviews conducted in the period 1997-2000 were part of the research for my PhD: “Of Secondary Concern? Women in the Victorian Secondary Teachers’ Association 1953-1995,” (PhD thesis, University of Melbourne, 2000). Those conducted in 2011 were for the National Library of Australia as part of an Australia Research Council funded project, “Women and Leadership in a Century of Australian Democracy.” Mary Bluett interviewed by Rosemary Francis in “Women and Leadership in a Century of Australian Democracy Oral History Project,” sound recording, National Library of Australia, accessed February 2013,http://trove.nla.gov.au/work/153791213?q&versionId=167682198_SusanHopgood interviewed by author in “Women and Leadership in a Century of Australian Democracy Oral History Project,” sound recording,http://trove.nla.gov.au/version/173469383.
26.Bluett and Hopgood, interviews.
27.Kirton and Healy, “Women and Trade Union Leadership,” 7.
29.Ibid.
30.Ibid.
31.Ibid.
32.Ibid.
34.Ibid.
35.Ibid.
36.Ibid.
40.Ibid.
43.Ibid.
44.Ibid.
45.Kirton and Healy, “Women and Trade Union Leadership,” 6.
46.Kelly, Women in the VSTA, 4, preface.
48.Ibid.
49.Ibid.
50.Ibid.
51.Kelly, Women in the VSTA, 77.
54.Ibid.
55.Suzanne Franzway, “Women Working in a Greedy Institution: Commitment and Emotional Labour in the Union Movement,” Gender, Work and Organisation 7, no. 4(2000):258–68.
56.Kirton and Healy, “Women and Trade Union Leadership,” 7.
57.Kelly, Women in the VSTA, 4.
58.Suzanne Franzway, “Editorial,” Hecate 26, no. 2(2000): 4.
59.Ruth Fowler, interview with author, January 13, 1998.
60.Eveline and Hayden, Carrying the Banner, 12.
61.Claire Kelly, interview with author, February 5, 1998.
62.Mary Bluerhad teaching experience in the country before completing her Arts degree and Dip. Ed. at Monash University. She was president of the Monash Association of Students.
63.Mary Bluer, “Policy for Women: Mary Bluer Comments,” Secondary Teacher(September1974):7.
64.Shelley Lavender, interview with author, March 25, 1999.
65.Ibid.
66.Kelly, Women in the VSTA, 7.
67.Bassett, Matters of Conscience, 147.
68.Mary Bluett, “Sexism in Education: A Discussion Paper,”Australian Education Union (AEU) Archives.
69.Kelly, Women in the VSTA, 26.
70.Eveline and Hayden, Carrying the Banner, 103.
71.Bernice Kelly, interview with author, May 23, 1999.
74.Anna Stewartwas a former journalist and active Victorian union official from1974to 1983. She died tragically in 1983, aged 35. She was a foundation member of the ACTU Womens Committee, which was formed in 1977.
79.Ibid.
80.Mary Bluett, “VSTA Council Farewells Brian Henderson,” VSTA News 15, no. 28(1994): 4.
81.Ibid.
82.Anne Phillips, Engendering Democracy(:Pennsylvania State University Press, 1991), 20.