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Endnotes

1.Ray Markey andKerry Taylor, ‘Trans-Tasman Labour History: Introduction’, Labour History, vol.95, 2008, p.1. Google Scholar

2.Marian Sawer, The Ethical State? Social Liberalism in Australia,Melbourne University Press,, 2003;David G Ritchie, The Principles of State Interference,Swan Sonnenschein & Co,, 1891. Google Scholar

3.Michael Freeden, The New Liberalism: An Ideology of Social Reform,Oxford University Press,, 1978, p.145. Google Scholar

4.Chris Bowen, ‘Reclaiming Liberalism for the Left: Social Justice in the 21stCentury’, Sydney Papers, vol.20, no.4, 2008, p.151. Google Scholar

5.J.A. Hobson, Problems of Poverty,, 1891;L.T. Hobhouse, Democracy and Reaction,Fisher Unwin,, 1904. Google Scholar

6.John Ballance, reply to Financial Statement debate, New Zealand Parliamentary Debates, vol.72, 10July1891, p.127. Google Scholar

7.Geoffrey Sawer, Australian Federal Politics 1901-1929,Melbourne University Press,, 1972, p.75. Google Scholar

8.Geoffrey Browne, ‘Joseph Henry Lewis Turley (1859-1929)’, inAnn Millar(ed.), The Biographical Dictionary of the Australian Senate,Melbourne University Press,, 2000, pp.108-11. Google Scholar

9.David Day, Andrew Fisher: Prime Minister of Australia,Fourth Estate,, 2008, p.187. Google Scholar

10.William Pember Reeves, unpublished reminiscences, quoted inShaun Goldfinch andPhilippa Mein Smith, ‘Compulsory Arbitration and the Australasian Model of State Development: Policy Transfer, Learning and Innovation’, Journal of Policy History, vol.18, no.4, 2006, p.431. Google Scholar

11.Ibid., p.430. Google Scholar

12.John Child, Introduction toW. Pember Reeves, State Experiments in Australia and New Zealand, Volume 1,Macmillan,, 1969, p.xx. Google Scholar

13.Richard Seddon, quoted inR. M. Burdon, King Dick: A Biography of Richard John Seddon,Whitcomb and Tombs,, 1955, pp.162-63. Google Scholar

14.Sir William Lyne, Second Reading Speech, Old-Age Pensions Act 1900, NSW Parliamentary Debates, vol.107, 1900, p.4941. Google Scholar

15.W. Pember Reeves, State Experiments in Australia and New Zealand, Volume 2,Macmillan,, 1969, p.289. Google Scholar

16.R.D. Meagher, New South Wales Parliamentary Debates, 8November1900, p.4966. Google Scholar

17.Reeves, State Experiments in Australia and New Zealand, Volume 2, p.292. Google Scholar

18.T.H. Kewley, Social Security in Australia 1900-72, 2nd edn,Sydney University Press,, 1973, p.50. Google Scholar

19.John Murphy, ‘The Poverty of Liberalism: The First Old Age Pensions in Australia’, Thesis Eleven, vol.95, no.1, November2008, pp.33-77. Google Scholar

20.John McNicol, The Politics of Retirement in Britain, 1878-1948,Cambridge University Press,, 1998, p.78. Google Scholar

21.John Murphy has provided a cogent argument that it was path dependencies created by the arbitration system rather than non-contributory pensions that explain why conservative attempts to introduce a contributory national insurance scheme were to fail. Employers feared that insurance costs would be added to the ‘family wage’ already paid under arbitration.John Murphy, ‘Path Dependence and the Stagnation of Australian Social Policy Between the Wars’, Journal of Policy History, vol.22, no.4, 2010, pp.450-73. Google Scholar

22.Andrew Fisher, Commonwealth Parliamentary Debates,House of Representatives, 3June1908, p.11934. Google Scholar

23.William Maloney, Commonwealth Parliamentary Debates,House of Representatives, 3June1908, p.11952. Google Scholar

24.Charles Booth, Old Age Pensions and the Aged Poor: A Proposal,Macmillan,, 1899, p.15. Google Scholar

25.Ibid., pp.67-69. Google Scholar

26.Pat Thane, ‘Non-Contributory versus Insurance Pensions 1878-1908’, inPat Thane(ed.), The Origins of British Social Policy,Croom Helm,, 1978, p.84. Google Scholar

27.Ibid., p.91. Google Scholar

28.Richard Seddon, Second Reading Speech on the Old-Age Pensions Bill, New Zealand Parliamentary Debates, vol.100, 18November1897, p.57. Google Scholar

29.SeeMarian Sawer, The Ethical State? Social Liberalism in Australia,Melbourne University Press,, 2003, ch. 4. Google Scholar

30.NSW Parliament, Select Committee on Old-Age Pensions, Report,Charles Potter, Government Printer,, 1896, p.5. Google Scholar

31.For the politics involved, seeBrian Dickey, No Charity There: A Short History of Social Welfare in Australia,Allen & Unwin,, 2nd edn, 1987, p.86. Google Scholar

32.Lieutenant Colonel J.C. Neild MP, Report on Old Age Pensions, Charitable Relief and State Insurance in England and on the Continent of Europe,William Applegate Gullick,Government Printer,, 1898, p.93; evidence of SenatorJohn Cash Neild, Report of the Royal Commission on Old-Age Pensions: Together with Proceedings, Minutes of Evidence, Appendices and a Synopsis of the Evidence, Parliamentary Papers, Session1906, vol.3, pp.252-58. Google Scholar

33.Evidence of SenatorJohn Cash Neild, 11January1906, Report of the Royal Commission on Old-Age Pensions: Together with Proceedings, Minutes of Evidence, Appendices and a Synopsis of the Evidence, Parliamentary Papers, Session1906, vol.3, p.254. See also his speech on the NSW Old-Age Pensions Bill, New South Wales Parliamentary Debates, 8November1900, p.4950. Google Scholar

34.Edward William Sullivan, quoted inBruce Mansfield, Australian Democrat: The Career of Edward William O’Sullivan 1846-1910,Sydney University Press,, 1965, p.243. Google Scholar

35.F. Baldwin Spencer, ‘Old Age Pension Schemes: A Criticism and a Program’, The Quarterly Journal of Economics, vol.24, no.4, 1910, p.728. Google Scholar

36.Francis G. Castles, The Working Class and Welfare,Allen & Unwin,, 1985. Google Scholar

37.Reeves, State Experiments in Australia and New Zealand, Volume 2, p.284. Google Scholar

38.T.H. Kewley, Social Security in Australia 1900-72,Sydney University Press,, 2nd edn, 1973, p.89. Google Scholar

39.Pat Thane, ‘The Scandal of Women’s Pensions in Britain: How Did It Come About?’, History & Policy, March2006,http://www-histpol.hist.cam.ac.uk/papers/policy-paper-42.html, accessed 28 October 2011. Google Scholar

40.SeeLabour: A Future Fair for All(the2010Labour Manifesto),‘Women’,http://www.labour.org.uk/policies/policy-on-women, accessed 16 April 2010. Google Scholar

42.See the case study of superannuation provided in the Ministry of Women’s Affairs, The Full Picture,, Ministry of Women’s Affairs, 1996,http://www.mwa.govt.nz/news-and-pubs/publications/gender.html. Google Scholar

43.Reeves, State Experiments in Australia and New Zealand, Volume 1, p.259. For detail on the passage of the New Zealand Bills seePeter A Harris, Metamorphosis of the Australasian Income Tax, 1866 to 1922,Australian Tax Research Foundation, Research Study 37,, 2002, pp.108-15. Google Scholar

44.William K. Jackson, The New Zealand Legislative Council,University of Otago Press,, p.104ff. Google Scholar

45.Dr William Maloney, House of Representatives Debates, 20September1910, p.3420. Google Scholar

46.Harris, Metamorphosis of the Australasian Income Tax, p.171, fn.611. Google Scholar

47.Julie P Smith, Taxing Popularity: The Story of Taxation in Australia,Australian Tax Research Foundation, Research Study 43,, 2004, pp.49, 52. The credit for the continuously rising rates went to Sir George Knibbs, the Commonwealth Statistician. Google Scholar

48.Ibid., pp.49-50. The taxing of crown leases was subsequently overturned by the High Court, was reintroduced in 1914 but dropped by the Bruce-Page government n the 1920s. Google Scholar

49.Ibid., p.50. Google Scholar

50.Dr William Maloney, Commonwealth Parliamentary Debates,House of Representatives, 20September1910, p.3419. Google Scholar

51.Kenneth O. Morgan, ‘“Rare and Refreshing Fruit”: Lloyd George’s People’s Budget’, Public Policy Research, vol.16, no.1, p.31. Google Scholar

52.Lord Curzon of Kedleston, House of Lords Debates, 30November1909, p.1246. Google Scholar

53.Quoted inJohn Grigg, Lloyd George: The People’s Champion 1902-1911,Eyre Methuen,, 1978, p.207. Google Scholar

54.Ibid., p.225. Google Scholar

55.Robert F. Foerster, review ofH.J. Hoare, Old Age Pensions: Their Actual Working and Ascertained Results in the United Kingdom, inAmerican Economic Review, vol.6, no.1, March1916, p.178. Google Scholar

56.Andrew Fisher, President’s Address, Official Report of the Fourth Commonwealth Political Labour Conference,, 1908, pp.13-14. Google Scholar

57.David Day, Andrew Fisher, p.194. Significantly, the name of the tailoresses’ union was the‘White Workers’ Union’. Google Scholar

58.Women’s Social and Political Union, Australia’s Advice,The Woman’s Press,. Google Scholar

59.‘Mr Fisher on Votes for Women’inVotes for Women, 16June1911, p.609. The meeting with the NUWSS delegation was reported in theMorning Post, 3June1911. Cockburn had become President of the Men’s International Alliance for Woman Suffrage. Google Scholar

60.Peter Bastian, Andrew Fisher: An Underestimated Man,University of New South Wales Press,, 2009, p.207. Google Scholar

62.Andrew Fisher, Second Reading Debate, Maternity Allowance Bill,House of Representatives, 24September1912, p. 3325. Google Scholar

63.‘Baby Bonus, Restrictions Urged, Mr. Fisher’s Refusal’, The Argus, 5September1912, p.12. Google Scholar

64.Fisher, Second Reading Debate, Maternity Allowance Bill, pp.3321-22. Google Scholar

65.Bastian, Andrew Fisher, pp.237-38. Google Scholar

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