Endnotes
1.Ray Markey andKerry Taylor, ‘Trans-Tasman Labour History: Introduction’, Labour History, vol.95, 2008, p.1.
2.Marian Sawer, The Ethical State? Social Liberalism in Australia,Melbourne University Press,, 2003;David G Ritchie, The Principles of State Interference,Swan Sonnenschein & Co,, 1891.
3.Michael Freeden, The New Liberalism: An Ideology of Social Reform,Oxford University Press,, 1978, p.145.
4.Chris Bowen, ‘Reclaiming Liberalism for the Left: Social Justice in the 21stCentury’, Sydney Papers, vol.20, no.4, 2008, p.151.
5.J.A. Hobson, Problems of Poverty,, 1891;L.T. Hobhouse, Democracy and Reaction,Fisher Unwin,, 1904.
6.John Ballance, reply to Financial Statement debate, New Zealand Parliamentary Debates, vol.72, 10July1891, p.127.
7.Geoffrey Sawer, Australian Federal Politics 1901-1929,Melbourne University Press,, 1972, p.75.
8.Geoffrey Browne, ‘Joseph Henry Lewis Turley (1859-1929)’, inAnn Millar(ed.), The Biographical Dictionary of the Australian Senate,Melbourne University Press,, 2000, pp.108-11.
9.David Day, Andrew Fisher: Prime Minister of Australia,Fourth Estate,, 2008, p.187.
10.William Pember Reeves, unpublished reminiscences, quoted inShaun Goldfinch andPhilippa Mein Smith, ‘Compulsory Arbitration and the Australasian Model of State Development: Policy Transfer, Learning and Innovation’, Journal of Policy History, vol.18, no.4, 2006, p.431.
11.Ibid., p.430.
12.John Child, Introduction toW. Pember Reeves, State Experiments in Australia and New Zealand, Volume 1,Macmillan,, 1969, p.xx.
13.Richard Seddon, quoted inR. M. Burdon, King Dick: A Biography of Richard John Seddon,Whitcomb and Tombs,, 1955, pp.162-63.
14.Sir William Lyne, Second Reading Speech, Old-Age Pensions Act 1900, NSW Parliamentary Debates, vol.107, 1900, p.4941.
15.W. Pember Reeves, State Experiments in Australia and New Zealand, Volume 2,Macmillan,, 1969, p.289.
16.R.D. Meagher, New South Wales Parliamentary Debates, 8November1900, p.4966.
17.Reeves, State Experiments in Australia and New Zealand, Volume 2, p.292.
18.T.H. Kewley, Social Security in Australia 1900-72, 2nd edn,Sydney University Press,, 1973, p.50.
19.John Murphy, ‘The Poverty of Liberalism: The First Old Age Pensions in Australia’, Thesis Eleven, vol.95, no.1, November2008, pp.33-77.
20.John McNicol, The Politics of Retirement in Britain, 1878-1948,Cambridge University Press,, 1998, p.78.
21.John Murphy has provided a cogent argument that it was path dependencies created by the arbitration system rather than non-contributory pensions that explain why conservative attempts to introduce a contributory national insurance scheme were to fail. Employers feared that insurance costs would be added to the ‘family wage’ already paid under arbitration.John Murphy, ‘Path Dependence and the Stagnation of Australian Social Policy Between the Wars’, Journal of Policy History, vol.22, no.4, 2010, pp.450-73.
22.Andrew Fisher, Commonwealth Parliamentary Debates,House of Representatives, 3June1908, p.11934.
23.William Maloney, Commonwealth Parliamentary Debates,House of Representatives, 3June1908, p.11952.
24.Charles Booth, Old Age Pensions and the Aged Poor: A Proposal,Macmillan,, 1899, p.15.
25.Ibid., pp.67-69.
26.Pat Thane, ‘Non-Contributory versus Insurance Pensions 1878-1908’, inPat Thane(ed.), The Origins of British Social Policy,Croom Helm,, 1978, p.84.
27.Ibid., p.91.
28.Richard Seddon, Second Reading Speech on the Old-Age Pensions Bill, New Zealand Parliamentary Debates, vol.100, 18November1897, p.57.
29.SeeMarian Sawer, The Ethical State? Social Liberalism in Australia,Melbourne University Press,, 2003, ch. 4.
30.NSW Parliament, Select Committee on Old-Age Pensions, Report,Charles Potter, Government Printer,, 1896, p.5.
31.For the politics involved, seeBrian Dickey, No Charity There: A Short History of Social Welfare in Australia,Allen & Unwin,, 2nd edn, 1987, p.86.
32.Lieutenant Colonel J.C. Neild MP, Report on Old Age Pensions, Charitable Relief and State Insurance in England and on the Continent of Europe,William Applegate Gullick,Government Printer,, 1898, p.93; evidence of SenatorJohn Cash Neild, Report of the Royal Commission on Old-Age Pensions: Together with Proceedings, Minutes of Evidence, Appendices and a Synopsis of the Evidence, Parliamentary Papers, Session1906, vol.3, pp.252-58.
33.Evidence of SenatorJohn Cash Neild, 11January1906, Report of the Royal Commission on Old-Age Pensions: Together with Proceedings, Minutes of Evidence, Appendices and a Synopsis of the Evidence, Parliamentary Papers, Session1906, vol.3, p.254. See also his speech on the NSW Old-Age Pensions Bill, New South Wales Parliamentary Debates, 8November1900, p.4950.
34.Edward William Sullivan, quoted inBruce Mansfield, Australian Democrat: The Career of Edward William O’Sullivan 1846-1910,Sydney University Press,, 1965, p.243.
35.F. Baldwin Spencer, ‘Old Age Pension Schemes: A Criticism and a Program’, The Quarterly Journal of Economics, vol.24, no.4, 1910, p.728.
36.Francis G. Castles, The Working Class and Welfare,Allen & Unwin,, 1985.
37.Reeves, State Experiments in Australia and New Zealand, Volume 2, p.284.
38.T.H. Kewley, Social Security in Australia 1900-72,Sydney University Press,, 2nd edn, 1973, p.89.
39.Pat Thane, ‘The Scandal of Women’s Pensions in Britain: How Did It Come About?’, History & Policy, March2006,http://www-histpol.hist.cam.ac.uk/papers/policy-paper-42.html, accessed 28 October 2011.
40.SeeLabour: A Future Fair for All(the2010Labour Manifesto),‘Women’,http://www.labour.org.uk/policies/policy-on-women, accessed 16 April 2010.
42.See the case study of superannuation provided in the Ministry of Women’s Affairs, The Full Picture,, Ministry of Women’s Affairs, 1996,http://www.mwa.govt.nz/news-and-pubs/publications/gender.html.
43.Reeves, State Experiments in Australia and New Zealand, Volume 1, p.259. For detail on the passage of the New Zealand Bills seePeter A Harris, Metamorphosis of the Australasian Income Tax, 1866 to 1922,Australian Tax Research Foundation, Research Study 37,, 2002, pp.108-15.
44.William K. Jackson, The New Zealand Legislative Council,University of Otago Press,, p.104ff.
45.Dr William Maloney, House of Representatives Debates, 20September1910, p.3420.
46.Harris, Metamorphosis of the Australasian Income Tax, p.171, fn.611.
47.Julie P Smith, Taxing Popularity: The Story of Taxation in Australia,Australian Tax Research Foundation, Research Study 43,, 2004, pp.49, 52. The credit for the continuously rising rates went to Sir George Knibbs, the Commonwealth Statistician.
48.Ibid., pp.49-50. The taxing of crown leases was subsequently overturned by the High Court, was reintroduced in 1914 but dropped by the Bruce-Page government n the 1920s.
49.Ibid., p.50.
50.Dr William Maloney, Commonwealth Parliamentary Debates,House of Representatives, 20September1910, p.3419.
51.Kenneth O. Morgan, ‘“Rare and Refreshing Fruit”: Lloyd George’s People’s Budget’, Public Policy Research, vol.16, no.1, p.31.
52.Lord Curzon of Kedleston, House of Lords Debates, 30November1909, p.1246.
53.Quoted inJohn Grigg, Lloyd George: The People’s Champion 1902-1911,Eyre Methuen,, 1978, p.207.
54.Ibid., p.225.
55.Robert F. Foerster, review ofH.J. Hoare, Old Age Pensions: Their Actual Working and Ascertained Results in the United Kingdom, inAmerican Economic Review, vol.6, no.1, March1916, p.178.
56.Andrew Fisher, President’s Address, Official Report of the Fourth Commonwealth Political Labour Conference,, 1908, pp.13-14.
57.David Day, Andrew Fisher, p.194. Significantly, the name of the tailoresses’ union was the‘White Workers’ Union’.
58.Women’s Social and Political Union, Australia’s Advice,The Woman’s Press,.
59.‘Mr Fisher on Votes for Women’inVotes for Women, 16June1911, p.609. The meeting with the NUWSS delegation was reported in theMorning Post, 3June1911. Cockburn had become President of the Men’s International Alliance for Woman Suffrage.
60.Peter Bastian, Andrew Fisher: An Underestimated Man,University of New South Wales Press,, 2009, p.207.
62.Andrew Fisher, Second Reading Debate, Maternity Allowance Bill,House of Representatives, 24September1912, p. 3325.
63.‘Baby Bonus, Restrictions Urged, Mr. Fisher’s Refusal’, The Argus, 5September1912, p.12.
64.Fisher, Second Reading Debate, Maternity Allowance Bill, pp.3321-22.
65.Bastian, Andrew Fisher, pp.237-38.