Footnotes
*The author would like to thank the two anonymous referees and the editors ofLabour Historyfor their comments and suggestions.
1.See the growth in specialist journals and special issues such asThe Leadership Quarterly(and its yearly reviews), Leadership, and “Engendering Leadership,”Gender, Work and Organisation18 (2011).
2.For example, seeJennifer Binns, “The Ethics of Relational Leading: Gender Matters,” Gender, Work and Organisation 15(2008):600–20; Joan Eveline, Ivory Basement Leadership: Power and Invisibility in the Changing University(Perth: University of Western Australia Press, 2004); Amanda Sinclair, Doing Leadership Differently(Melbourne: Melbourne University Press, 1998).
3.Joan Acker, “Hierarchies, Jobs, Bodies: A Theory of Gendered Organisations,” Gender and Society 4(1990):139–58; Cynthia Cockburn, In The Way of Women: Men’s Resistance to Sex Equality in Organisations(Cornell: ILR Press, 1991); Alice H. Eagly and Mary C. Johannesen-Schmidt, “The Leadership Styles of Women and Men,”Journal of Social Issues57 (2001): 781-97; Alice H. Eagly and Linda L. Carli, “The Female Leadership Advantage: An Evaluation of the Evidence,”The Leadership Quarterly14, no. 6 (2003): 807-34.
4.Acker, “Hierarchies”; Deborah Brennan and Louise Chappell, “No Fit Place for Women”: Women in New South Wales Politics 1856-2006(:UNSW Press, 2006).
5.Linda Briskin, “Union Renewal, Postheroic Leadership, and Women’s Organizing,” Labor Studies Journal 36, no. 4(2011):512; Joan Acker, “Gendered Organisations and Intersectionality: Problems and Possibilities,”Equality, Diversity and Inclusion: An International Journal31 (2012): 214-24; Linda Briskin, “Victimisation and Agency: the Social Construction of Union Women’s Leadership,”Industrial Relations Journal37 (2006): 364-65; Joanna Liddle and Elisabeth Michielsens, “Women and Public Power: Class Does Make a Difference,”International Review of Sociology10 (2010): 207-22.
6.Harry Knowles, “Trade Union Leadership: Biography and the Role of Historical Context,” Leadership 3, no. 2(2007): 207.
7.Tom Redman, “Trade Union Leadership,” special issue on trade union leadership, Leadership and Organisation Development Journal 33(2012): preface.
8.Leena Sudano, “Women Union Leaders: Mongrels, Martyrs, Misfits or Models for the Future?”inStrife: Sex and Politics in Labour Unions, ed.Barbara Pocock(:Allen & Unwin, 1997), 153.
9.Briskin, “Victimisation and Agency,” 360.
10.Briskin, “Union Renewal,”511.
11.Transformational leadership is part of a leadership paradigm positinglaissez faire, transactional and transformational leadership as distinct styles.
12.Briskin, “Victimisation and Agency,” 360, 364; seeJudy Wajcman, Managing Like a Man: Women and Men in Corporate Management(:Pennsylvania State University Press, 1998).
13.Sue Ledwith, Fiona Colgan, Paul Joyce and Mike Hayes, “The Making of Women Trade Union Leaders,” Industrial Relations Journal 2(1990):112.
14.Suzanne Franzway, “Women Working in a Greedy Institution: Commitment and Emotional Labour in the Union Movement,” Gender, Work and Organisation 7(2000):258–68.
15.Gill Kirton and Geraldine Healy, “Women’s Union Leadership in Barbados: Exploring the Local within the Global,” Leadership and Organisation Development Journal 33(2012):733. See also Gill Kirton, The Making of Women Trade Unionists(Aldershot: Ashgate, 2006).
16.Briskin, “Union Renewal,”514–15.
17.Ibid., 519.
18.Kevin Theakston, “Comparative Biography and Leadership in Whitehall,” Public Administration 75, no. 4(1997): 663.
19.Ibid., 663.
20.Larry Terry, Leadership of Public Bureaucracies(:Sage, 1995), as cited in Knowles, “Trade Union Leadership,” 198.
21.Sudano, “Women Union Leaders”; Patricia Roby and Lynet Uttal, “Putting It All Together: The Dilemmas of Rank-and-File Union Leaders,”inWomen and Unions: Forging a Partnership, ed.Dorothy Sue Cobble, (:ILR Press, 1993):363–77.
22.Cathy Brigden, “Tracing and Placing Women Trade Union Leaders: A Study of the Female Confectioners Union,” Journal of Industrial Relations 54(2012):238–55.
23.Ledwith et al., “The Making”.
24.Mark Hearn and Harry Knowles, “Representative Lives? Biography and Labour History,” Labour History, no. 100 (May2011):127–44.
25.Lawrence Stone, “Prosopography,” Daedalus 100, no. 1(1971):46–79.
26.Barbara Caine, Biography and History(:Palgrave Macmillan, 2010), 64.
27.Theakston, “Comparative Biography,” 656.
28.Knowles, “Trade Union Leadership,” 195.
29.Theakston, “Comparative Biography,” 655.
30.Hearn and Knowles, “Representative Lives?” 129.
31.Linda Briskin, “Autonomy, Diversity, and Integration: Union Women’s Separate Organizing in North America and Western Europe in the Context of Restructuring and Globalization,” Women’s Studies International Forum 22(1999):543–54.
32.Argus, February 18, 1915, 8.
34.Ibid.Eight of the nine were listed as Miss in the minutes.
35.Ledwith et al., “The Making,” 112.
36.Ibid., 113.
37.Ibid., 113–14.
38.Cockburn, In the Way of Women..
39.FCU Members Meeting, 22 January, 19 March1917.
40.FCU Committee Meeting, 9 October 1916, 25 June1917.
41.Woman’s Clarion, November 7, 1921, 3.
47.Ledwith et al., “The Making”.
48. The Woman’s Clarion, November 7, 1921, 3.
49.See for instance, D’Aprano’s reference, drawing on Smith’s article, to Margaret Wearne and Daisy Diwell as the pioneers of the union.Zelda D’Aprano, Kath Williams: The Unions and the Fight for Equal Pay(:Spinifex Press, 2001), 30.
51.Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS), Census of the Commonwealth of Australia, 1921, Cat. 2110.0(:ABS, 1921).
54.The Woman’s Clarion, November 7, 1921, 3.
56.FCU Management Committee Meeting, 1 September1924.
57. The Woman’s Clarion, November 7, 1921, 3.
60.Franzway, “Greedy Institution”.
64.Cynthia Cockburn and Susan Ormrod, Gender and Technology in the Making(:Sage, 1993), 6; Raewyn Connell, “A Thousand Miles from Kind: Men, Masculinities and Modern Institutions,”Journal of Men’s Studies16 (2008): 242.
65.Joy Damousi, “Margaret Wearne (1893-1967),” Australian Dictionary of Biography, vol. 16(:Melbourne University Press, 2002):509.
66. Woman’s Clarion, June-August1925.
67.Argus, August 8, 1927, 14.
68.Gill Kirton and Geraldine Healy, “Transforming Union Women: The Role of Women Trade Union Officials in Union Renewal,” Industrial Relations Journal 30(1999):37.
74.Binns, “Ethics of Relational Leading”.
75.Jennifer Feeney and Judith Smart, “Jean Daley and May Brodney: Perspectives on Labour,”inDouble Time: Women in Victoria: 150 Years, ed.Marilyn Lake and Farley Kelly(:Penguin Books, 1985).
76.See for more biographical details, seeBrigden, “Tracing and Placing,” 244–49.
77.Ledwith et al., “The Making,” 117.
78. Woman’s Clarion, March1924, 10.
79.Brigden, “Tracing and Placing”.
80.Linda Briskin, “Unions and Women’s Organising in Canada and Sweden,”inWomen’s Organising and Public Policy in Canada and Sweden, ed.Linda Briskin and Mona Eliasson(:McGill-Queens University Press1999), 161.
82.Argus, March 7, 1938, 4; August 22, 1940, 8. Jean Daley was WCOC secretary from 1932 to 1947.
84.Woman’s Clarion, June 1927.
85.FCU Management Committee Meeting, 8 March 1926;Argus, August 26, 1926, 16.
88.Theakston, “Comparative Biography,” 663.
92.ABS, Census of the Commonwealth of Australia, 1933, Cat. 2110.0(:ABS, 1933).
94.Kirton, The Making.
99.Laura Bennett, “Job Classification and Women Workers: Institutional Practices, Technological Change and the Conciliation and Arbitration System 1907-72,” Labour History, no. 51 (1986):20.
106.Barrier Miner, August 2, 1952, 9.