Labour History

Endnotes

1. Worker(), 21April1910. Google Scholar

2.Nick Dyrenfurth, Heroes & Villains: The Rise and Fall of the Early Australian Labor Party,Australian Scholarly Publishing,, 2011, p.156. Google Scholar

3.Jim Hagan, The History of the ACTU,Longman Cheshire,, 1981, p.45. See the similar British definition of labourism inW. Thompson, The Long Death of British Labourism: Interpreting a Political Culture,Pluto Press,, 1993, p.17. Google Scholar

4.Nick Dyrenfurth, ‘Rethinking Labor Tradition’, Labour History, vol.90, May2006, pp.175-97; andNick Dyrenfurth, ‘Labour and Politics’, Labour History, vol.100, May2011, pp.105-26. See alsoDyrenfurth, Heroes & Villains, ‘Introduction’;Terry Irving, ‘Labourism: A Political Genealogy’, Labour History, vol.66, May1994, pp.1-13;Frank Bongiorno, The People’s Party: Victorian Labor and the Radical Tradition, 1875-1914,Melbourne University Press,, 1996, pp.4-5; andFrank Bongiorno, ‘Labourism’, inGraeme Davison,John Hirst andStuart Macintyre(eds), Oxford Companion to Australian History,Oxford University Press,, 1998, p.374. Google Scholar

5.R. Neil Massey, ‘A Century of Labourism, 1891-1993: An Historical Interpretation’, Labour History, vol.66, May1994, p.47. Google Scholar

6.Terry Irving, ‘The Roots of Parliamentary Socialism in Australia, 1850-1920’, Labour History, no.67, November1994, p.102. Google Scholar

7.Nick Dyrenfurth, ‘It’s the Culture, Stupid!’, inNick Dyrenfurth andTim Soutphommasane(eds), All That’s Left: What Labor Should Stand For,, 2010, pp.18-21. Google Scholar

8.Bongiorno, The People’s Party, p.5. Google Scholar

9.Robin Gollan, Radical and Working Class Politics: A Study of Eastern Australia, 1850-1910,Melbourne University Press,, 1960, ch. 11;Brian Fitzpatrick, A Short History of the Australian Labor Movement,Rawson’s Bookshop,, 1944, p.111and ch. 8; and more sympathetically,Ross McMullin, The Light on the Hill: The Australian Labor Party, 1891-1991,Oxford University Press,, 1992, pp.62-70, and chs 2-4 more generally. Google Scholar

10.Ian Turner, Industrial Labour and Politics: The Dynamics of the Labour Movement in Eastern Australia, 1900-1921,Hale and Iremonger,, 1979, chs 1-2;Stuart Macintyre, The Labour Experiment,McPhee Gribble,, 1989, pp.13-19, 39-54. From a more cultural perspective, consultJohn Rickard, Class and Politics: New South Wales, Victoria and the Early Commonwealth, 1890-1910,Australian National University Press,, 1976. Google Scholar

11.Geoffrey Sawer, Australian Federal Politics and Law, Volume 1,Melbourne University Press, 1956, ch. 6;Gordon Greenwood, ‘National Development and Social Experimentation, 1901-1914’, inGordon Greenwood(ed.), Australia : A Social and Political History,Angus&Robertson,, 1977, pp.226-32. Google Scholar

12.David Day, Andrew Fisher, Prime Minister of Australia,, 2008, especially chs 6-10;Peter Bastian, Andrew Fisher: An Underestimated Man,UNSW Press,, 2009, chs 8-16; andEdward W. Humphreys, Andrew Fisher: A Forgotten Man,Sports and Editorial Services,, 2008. See alsoGeoffrey Marginson, ‘Andrew Fisher: The Views of the Practical Reformer’, inD.J. Murphy,R.B. Joyce andColin A. Hughes(eds), Prelude to Power: The Rise of the Labour Party in Queensland 1885-1915,, 1970. Google Scholar

13.W.G. Spence, Australia’s Awakening: Thirty Years in the Life of an Australian Agitator,, 1909, p.9. Google Scholar

14.Nick Dyrenfurth andFrank Bongiorno, A Little History of the Australian Labor Party,UNSW Press,, 2011, pp.22-23;Robin Archer, Why is there No Labor Party in the United States?,Princeton University Press,, 2007, ‘Introduction’. Google Scholar

15.For a summary of their varied progress, seeDyrenfurth, Heroes & Villains, pp.55-56. Google Scholar

16.Stuart Macintyre, A Concise History of Australia, 3rd edn,Cambridge University Press,, 2009, pp.124-25. Google Scholar

17.On‘labour movement intellectuals’seeSean Scalmer andTerry Irving, ‘Labour Intellectuals in Australia: Modes, Traditions, Generations, Transformations’, International Review of Social History, vol.50, no.1, April, 2005, pp.1-26; andSean Scalmer andTerry Irving ‘Australian Labour Intellectuals: An Introduction’, Labour History, no.77, November1999, pp.1-10. Google Scholar

18. Hummer, 26December1891. Google Scholar

19.Cited inJoe Harris, The Bitter Fight: A Pictorial History of the Australian Labor Movement,University of Queensland Press,, 1970, p.99. Google Scholar

20.Gollan, Radical and Working Class Politics, p.99. Google Scholar

21. Worker(), 20February1892. Google Scholar

22.I have explored the labour movement’s engagement with liberalism in depth inDyrenfurth, Heroes & Villains, ch.1. See alsoBongiorno, The People’s Party, ch. 1. Google Scholar

23.Patrick Joyce, Visions of the People: Industrial England and the Question of Class, 1848-1914,Cambridge University Press,, 1991, p.29. Google Scholar

24. The Clipper, 9December1893. Google Scholar

25.‘Australian Labour Federation Platform, 1890’, cited athttp://www.reasoninrevolt.net.au/bib/PR0000266.pdf(emphasis in the original), accessed July 2007. Google Scholar

26. The Age, 2April1892. Google Scholar

27. The Pioneer, 1October1892. Google Scholar

28. Hummer, 7November1891. Google Scholar

29.Jacqueline Dickenson, Renegades and Rats: Betrayal and the Remaking of Radical Organisations in Britain and Australia,Melbourne University Press,, 2006, p.195. Google Scholar

30. Australian Workman, 17October1897. Google Scholar

31. Official Report of the Seventh Intercolonial Trades and Labour Congress,, 1891, p.8. Google Scholar

32. Gympie Truth, 24March1896, cited inMarginson, ‘Andrew Fisher’, p.187. Google Scholar

33. Worker(), 1July1890. Google Scholar

34.Dyrenfurth, Heroes & Villains, pp.74-75. Google Scholar

35.Cited in Day, Andrew Fisher, p.85. Google Scholar

36.Archer, Why is there No Labor Party, p.58and more generally ch. 2,‘Race’. Google Scholar

37. Brisbane Courier, 25February1898. Google Scholar

38.Cited inBrian McKinlay, Australian Labor History in Documents, Volume 2: The Labor Party,Collins Dove,, 1990, p.17. Google Scholar

39.SeeBastian, Andrew Fisher, pp.49-50. Google Scholar

40. Weekly Herald, April1901, cited athttp://www.slsa.sa.gov.au/manning/sa/politics/labour.htm, accessed November 2008. Google Scholar

41. Brisbane Courier, 25February1898. Google Scholar

42.Montagu Scott, ‘All the World Over’, Worker(), 23May1903. Google Scholar

43.Montagu Scott, ‘Falstaff up to Date’, Worker(), 8May1893. Google Scholar

44.Montagu Scott, ‘The Middle Man’, Worker(), 12January1895. Google Scholar

45. Worker(), 28April1894. Google Scholar

46.Ben Tillett, ‘What Shall We Do with Australia?’, speech atMelbourne Temperance Hall, 13September1897, cited inTocsin, 9December1897. Google Scholar

47.Bruce Scates, A New Australia: Citizenship, Radicalism and the First Republic,Cambridge University Press,, 1997, p.75and, more broadly, ch. 3; andStuart Macintyre, ‘The Concept of Class in Recent Labourist Historiography: Early Socialism and Labor’, Intervention, no.8, March1977, pp.79-87. Google Scholar

48. Commonweal and Workers’ Advocate, 12March1892. Google Scholar

49.Ray Markey, ‘Populism and the Formation of a Labor Party in New South Wales, 1890-1900’, Journal of Australian Studies, no.20, May1987, pp.41-2; and alsoRay Markey, The Making of the Labor Party in New South Wales, 1880-1900,UNSW Press,, 1988, pp.186-89. Google Scholar

50.William Lane(under the pseudonymJohn Miller),‘Mates’, Hummer, 16January1892. Google Scholar

51. Shearers’ and General Laborers’ Record, 15March1893. Google Scholar

52.Michael Leach, ‘“Manly, True, and White”: Masculine Identity and Australian Socialism’, inGeoff Stokes(ed.), The Politics of Identity in Australia,Cambridge University Press,, 1997, pp.64-65. Google Scholar

53. Hummer, 5April1892. Google Scholar

54. Commonwealth Parliamentary Debates(CPD), 12August1904, 21:4264. Google Scholar

55. Hummer, 5December1891. Google Scholar

56.Cited inMark Hearn, ‘Mates and Strangers: The Ethos of the Australian Workers Union’, inDavid Palmer,Ross Shanahan andMartin Shanahan(eds), Australian Labour History Reconsidered,Australian Humanities Press,, 1999, p.22. Google Scholar

57.Cited inFrank Bongiorno, ‘The Origins of Caucus: 1856-1901’, inJohn Faulkner andStuart Macintyre(eds), True Believers: The Story of the Federal Parliamentary Labor Party,Allen & Unwin,, 2001, p.6. Google Scholar

58.Cited inWorker(), 14July1900. Google Scholar

59. Worker(), 20April1895. Google Scholar

60.Cited inStuart Macintyre, ‘Federation and the Labour Movement’, inMark Hearn andGreg Patmore(eds), Working the Nation: Working Life and Federation, 1890-1914,Pluto Press,, 2001, p.18. Google Scholar

61. Worker(), 6January1900. Google Scholar

62.McMullin, The Light on the Hill, p.47. Google Scholar

63. Tocsin, 10January1901. Google Scholar

64. Tocsin, 10December1903(capitalisation in original). Google Scholar

65. CPD, 25September1901, 1:5153. Google Scholar

66. Worker(), 6April1901. Google Scholar

67. Worker(), 16March1901. Google Scholar

68. Gympie Truth, 2April1901. Google Scholar

69. The Clipper, 21September1901. See also‘Victory’, Westralian Worker, 4April1901. Google Scholar

70. CPD, 7August1901, 4:4633-6. Google Scholar

71.Markey, ‘Populism and the Formation of a Labor Party in New South Wales’, pp.41-42; and alsoMarkey, Making of the Labor Party, pp.186-89. Google Scholar

72. Worker(), 26January1902(my emphasis). Google Scholar

73. Worker(), 9March1901. Google Scholar

74.Montagu Scott, ‘Labor’s Xmas Box to the Commonwealth’, Worker(), 14December1901. Google Scholar

75. The Clipper, 31May1902. Revealingly senior Laborites were at pains to point out that the party’s position was not anti-British empire; seeDyrenfurth, Heroes & Villains, pp.102-3. Google Scholar

76.McMullin, The Light on the Hill, p.47. Google Scholar

77.‘1905 Federal Labor Platform’, cited in Spence, Australia’s Awakening, p.377. Google Scholar

78.Macintyre, The Labour Experiment, p.34;Neville Kirk, Comrades and Cousins: Globalization, Workers and Labour Movements in Britain, the USA and Australia from the 1880s to 1914,Merlin Press,, 2003, pp.60-61. Google Scholar

79. Wagga Express, 14November1903, cited inF.K. Crowley, Modern Australia in Documents, 1901-1939: Volume 1,, 1973, p.62. Google Scholar

80. The Clipper, 15February1902. Google Scholar

81.Kirk, Comrades and Cousins, p.101. Google Scholar

82.Cited inTurner, Industrial Labour and Politics, p.45. Google Scholar

83.Spence, Australia’s Awakening, p.342. Google Scholar

84. The Clipper, 3March1906. Google Scholar

85. Worker(), 23March1901. For more on these claims, seePeter Love, Labour and the Money Power: Australian Labour Populism 1890-1950,Melbourne University Press,, 1984, ch. 1. Google Scholar

86.Stuart Macintyre, ‘“Temper democratic, bias Australian”: 100 Years of the Australian Labor Party’, Overland, no.162, Autumn2001, p.6. Google Scholar

87.Claude Marquet, ‘The Builder’, Worker(), 11June1908. Google Scholar

88.Turner, Industrial Labour and Politics, p.50. Google Scholar

89.‘Motion Moved by Melbourne Political Labor Council’, cited inNoel Ebbels(ed.), The Australian Labor Movement, 1850-1907: Extracts from Contemporary Documents,Australasian Book Society,, 1960, p.223;‘3rd Interstate Political Labor Conference Report 1905’, cited inBronwyn Stevens andPatrick Weller(eds), The Australian Labor Party and Federal Politics: A Documentary Survey,Melbourne University Press,, 1976, p.72. Google Scholar

90.McMullin, The Light on the Hill, p.56. Google Scholar

91.Cited inMcMullin, The Light on the Hill, pp.56-57. Google Scholar

92.‘Fourth Interstate Political Labor Conference Report’, cited inWorker(), 23July1908. Google Scholar

93.Cited inMcMullin, The Light on the Hill, p.55. Google Scholar

94. CPD, 27April1904, 19:1247. Google Scholar

95.Dyrenfurth, Heroes & Villains, p.128. Google Scholar

96.Cited inMcMullin, The Light on the Hill, p.35. Google Scholar

97.Ross McMullin, So Monstrous a Travesty: Chris Watson and the World’s First National Labour Government,, 2004, pp.141-43. Google Scholar

98. CPD, 12August1904, 21:4240. Google Scholar

99.‘Fourth Interstate Political Labor Conference Report’, cited inWorker(), 23July1908. Google Scholar

100. Worker(), 1April1909. Google Scholar

101.Cited in Humphreys, Andrew Fisher, p.32. Google Scholar

102.McMullin, The Light on the Hill, p.67. Google Scholar

103. Sydney Morning Herald, 5June1909. Google Scholar

104.Spence, Australia’s Awakening, p.278. Google Scholar

105. Worker(), 3June1909. Google Scholar

106. Worker(), 3June1909. Google Scholar

107. Worker(), 15January1910. Google Scholar

108.Jim Case, ‘Electors! Will You Let Him?’, Worker(), 23March1910. Google Scholar

109. Labor Call, 14April1910. Google Scholar

110. Worker(), 4November1909. Google Scholar

111. Labor Vanguard, 21January1910. For more on this issue, seeDyrenfurth, Heroes & Villains, pp.146-50andPaul Strangio, ‘“An Intensity of Feeling such as I had Never Before Witnessed”: Fusion in Victoria’, inNick Dyrenfurth andPaul Strangio(eds), Confusion: The Making of the Australian Two-Party Political System,Melbourne University Press,, 2009, pp.137-38;Bongiorno, The People’s Party, pp.109-10; andRickard, Class and Politics, p.250. Google Scholar

112. Worker(), 17June1909. Google Scholar

113. Labor Call, 6July1911. Google Scholar

114. Worker(), 21April1910. Google Scholar

115. Worker(), 3May1910. Google Scholar

116. Australian Worker, 5June1913. Google Scholar

117.Cited inJohn Hirst, ‘Labor and the Great War’, inRobert Manne(ed.), Australian Century: Political Struggle in the Building of a Nation,Text Publishing,, 1999, pp.58-59. Google Scholar

118.Cited inMcMullin, The Light on the Hill, p.388. Google Scholar