Endnotes
1. Worker(), 21April1910.
2.Nick Dyrenfurth, Heroes & Villains: The Rise and Fall of the Early Australian Labor Party,Australian Scholarly Publishing,, 2011, p.156.
3.Jim Hagan, The History of the ACTU,Longman Cheshire,, 1981, p.45. See the similar British definition of labourism inW. Thompson, The Long Death of British Labourism: Interpreting a Political Culture,Pluto Press,, 1993, p.17.
4.Nick Dyrenfurth, ‘Rethinking Labor Tradition’, Labour History, vol.90, May2006, pp.175-97; andNick Dyrenfurth, ‘Labour and Politics’, Labour History, vol.100, May2011, pp.105-26. See alsoDyrenfurth, Heroes & Villains, ‘Introduction’;Terry Irving, ‘Labourism: A Political Genealogy’, Labour History, vol.66, May1994, pp.1-13;Frank Bongiorno, The People’s Party: Victorian Labor and the Radical Tradition, 1875-1914,Melbourne University Press,, 1996, pp.4-5; andFrank Bongiorno, ‘Labourism’, inGraeme Davison,John Hirst andStuart Macintyre(eds), Oxford Companion to Australian History,Oxford University Press,, 1998, p.374.
5.R. Neil Massey, ‘A Century of Labourism, 1891-1993: An Historical Interpretation’, Labour History, vol.66, May1994, p.47.
6.Terry Irving, ‘The Roots of Parliamentary Socialism in Australia, 1850-1920’, Labour History, no.67, November1994, p.102.
7.Nick Dyrenfurth, ‘It’s the Culture, Stupid!’, inNick Dyrenfurth andTim Soutphommasane(eds), All That’s Left: What Labor Should Stand For,, 2010, pp.18-21.
8.Bongiorno, The People’s Party, p.5.
9.Robin Gollan, Radical and Working Class Politics: A Study of Eastern Australia, 1850-1910,Melbourne University Press,, 1960, ch. 11;Brian Fitzpatrick, A Short History of the Australian Labor Movement,Rawson’s Bookshop,, 1944, p.111and ch. 8; and more sympathetically,Ross McMullin, The Light on the Hill: The Australian Labor Party, 1891-1991,Oxford University Press,, 1992, pp.62-70, and chs 2-4 more generally.
10.Ian Turner, Industrial Labour and Politics: The Dynamics of the Labour Movement in Eastern Australia, 1900-1921,Hale and Iremonger,, 1979, chs 1-2;Stuart Macintyre, The Labour Experiment,McPhee Gribble,, 1989, pp.13-19, 39-54. From a more cultural perspective, consultJohn Rickard, Class and Politics: New South Wales, Victoria and the Early Commonwealth, 1890-1910,Australian National University Press,, 1976.
11.Geoffrey Sawer, Australian Federal Politics and Law, Volume 1,Melbourne University Press, 1956, ch. 6;Gordon Greenwood, ‘National Development and Social Experimentation, 1901-1914’, inGordon Greenwood(ed.), Australia : A Social and Political History,Angus&Robertson,, 1977, pp.226-32.
12.David Day, Andrew Fisher, Prime Minister of Australia,, 2008, especially chs 6-10;Peter Bastian, Andrew Fisher: An Underestimated Man,UNSW Press,, 2009, chs 8-16; andEdward W. Humphreys, Andrew Fisher: A Forgotten Man,Sports and Editorial Services,, 2008. See alsoGeoffrey Marginson, ‘Andrew Fisher: The Views of the Practical Reformer’, inD.J. Murphy,R.B. Joyce andColin A. Hughes(eds), Prelude to Power: The Rise of the Labour Party in Queensland 1885-1915,, 1970.
13.W.G. Spence, Australia’s Awakening: Thirty Years in the Life of an Australian Agitator,, 1909, p.9.
14.Nick Dyrenfurth andFrank Bongiorno, A Little History of the Australian Labor Party,UNSW Press,, 2011, pp.22-23;Robin Archer, Why is there No Labor Party in the United States?,Princeton University Press,, 2007, ‘Introduction’.
15.For a summary of their varied progress, seeDyrenfurth, Heroes & Villains, pp.55-56.
16.Stuart Macintyre, A Concise History of Australia, 3rd edn,Cambridge University Press,, 2009, pp.124-25.
17.On‘labour movement intellectuals’seeSean Scalmer andTerry Irving, ‘Labour Intellectuals in Australia: Modes, Traditions, Generations, Transformations’, International Review of Social History, vol.50, no.1, April, 2005, pp.1-26; andSean Scalmer andTerry Irving
‘Australian Labour Intellectuals: An Introduction’, Labour History, no.77, November1999, pp.1-10.
18. Hummer, 26December1891.
19.Cited inJoe Harris, The Bitter Fight: A Pictorial History of the Australian Labor Movement,University of Queensland Press,, 1970, p.99.
20.Gollan, Radical and Working Class Politics, p.99.
21. Worker(), 20February1892.
22.I have explored the labour movement’s engagement with liberalism in depth inDyrenfurth, Heroes & Villains, ch.1. See alsoBongiorno, The People’s Party, ch. 1.
23.Patrick Joyce, Visions of the People: Industrial England and the Question of Class, 1848-1914,Cambridge University Press,, 1991, p.29.
24. The Clipper, 9December1893.
25.‘Australian Labour Federation Platform, 1890’, cited athttp://www.reasoninrevolt.net.au/bib/PR0000266.pdf(emphasis in the original), accessed July 2007.
26. The Age, 2April1892.
27. The Pioneer, 1October1892.
28. Hummer, 7November1891.
29.Jacqueline Dickenson, Renegades and Rats: Betrayal and the Remaking of Radical Organisations in Britain and Australia,Melbourne University Press,, 2006, p.195.
30. Australian Workman, 17October1897.
31. Official Report of the Seventh Intercolonial Trades and Labour Congress,, 1891, p.8.
32. Gympie Truth, 24March1896, cited inMarginson, ‘Andrew Fisher’, p.187.
33. Worker(), 1July1890.
34.Dyrenfurth, Heroes & Villains, pp.74-75.
35.Cited in Day, Andrew Fisher, p.85.
36.Archer, Why is there No Labor Party, p.58and more generally ch. 2,‘Race’.
37. Brisbane Courier, 25February1898.
38.Cited inBrian McKinlay, Australian Labor History in Documents, Volume 2: The Labor Party,Collins Dove,, 1990, p.17.
39.SeeBastian, Andrew Fisher, pp.49-50.
40. Weekly Herald, April1901, cited athttp://www.slsa.sa.gov.au/manning/sa/politics/labour.htm, accessed November 2008.
41. Brisbane Courier, 25February1898.
42.Montagu Scott, ‘All the World Over’, Worker(), 23May1903.
43.Montagu Scott, ‘Falstaff up to Date’, Worker(), 8May1893.
44.Montagu Scott, ‘The Middle Man’, Worker(), 12January1895.
45. Worker(), 28April1894.
46.Ben Tillett, ‘What Shall We Do with Australia?’, speech atMelbourne Temperance Hall, 13September1897, cited inTocsin, 9December1897.
47.Bruce Scates, A New Australia: Citizenship, Radicalism and the First Republic,Cambridge University Press,, 1997, p.75and, more broadly, ch. 3; andStuart Macintyre, ‘The Concept of Class in Recent Labourist Historiography: Early Socialism and Labor’, Intervention, no.8, March1977, pp.79-87.
48. Commonweal and Workers’ Advocate, 12March1892.
49.Ray Markey, ‘Populism and the Formation of a Labor Party in New South Wales, 1890-1900’, Journal of Australian Studies, no.20, May1987, pp.41-2; and alsoRay Markey, The Making of the Labor Party in New South Wales, 1880-1900,UNSW Press,, 1988, pp.186-89.
50.William Lane(under the pseudonymJohn Miller),‘Mates’, Hummer, 16January1892.
51. Shearers’ and General Laborers’ Record, 15March1893.
52.Michael Leach, ‘“Manly, True, and White”: Masculine Identity and Australian Socialism’, inGeoff Stokes(ed.), The Politics of Identity in Australia,Cambridge University Press,, 1997, pp.64-65.
53. Hummer, 5April1892.
54. Commonwealth Parliamentary Debates(CPD), 12August1904, 21:4264.
55. Hummer, 5December1891.
56.Cited inMark Hearn, ‘Mates and Strangers: The Ethos of the Australian Workers Union’, inDavid Palmer,Ross Shanahan andMartin Shanahan(eds), Australian Labour History Reconsidered,Australian Humanities Press,, 1999, p.22.
57.Cited inFrank Bongiorno, ‘The Origins of Caucus: 1856-1901’, inJohn Faulkner andStuart Macintyre(eds), True Believers: The Story of the Federal Parliamentary Labor Party,Allen & Unwin,, 2001, p.6.
58.Cited inWorker(), 14July1900.
59. Worker(), 20April1895.
60.Cited inStuart Macintyre, ‘Federation and the Labour Movement’, inMark Hearn andGreg Patmore(eds), Working the Nation: Working Life and Federation, 1890-1914,Pluto Press,, 2001, p.18.
61. Worker(), 6January1900.
62.McMullin, The Light on the Hill, p.47.
63. Tocsin, 10January1901.
64. Tocsin, 10December1903(capitalisation in original).
65. CPD, 25September1901, 1:5153.
66. Worker(), 6April1901.
67. Worker(), 16March1901.
68. Gympie Truth, 2April1901.
69. The Clipper, 21September1901. See also‘Victory’, Westralian Worker, 4April1901.
70. CPD, 7August1901, 4:4633-6.
71.Markey, ‘Populism and the Formation of a Labor Party in New South Wales’, pp.41-42; and alsoMarkey, Making of the Labor Party, pp.186-89.
72. Worker(), 26January1902(my emphasis).
73. Worker(), 9March1901.
74.Montagu Scott, ‘Labor’s Xmas Box to the Commonwealth’, Worker(), 14December1901.
75. The Clipper, 31May1902. Revealingly senior Laborites were at pains to point out that the party’s position was not anti-British empire; seeDyrenfurth, Heroes & Villains, pp.102-3.
76.McMullin, The Light on the Hill, p.47.
77.‘1905 Federal Labor Platform’, cited in Spence, Australia’s Awakening, p.377.
78.Macintyre, The Labour Experiment, p.34;Neville Kirk, Comrades and Cousins: Globalization, Workers and Labour Movements in Britain, the USA and Australia from the 1880s to 1914,Merlin Press,, 2003, pp.60-61.
79. Wagga Express, 14November1903, cited inF.K. Crowley, Modern Australia in Documents, 1901-1939: Volume 1,, 1973, p.62.
80. The Clipper, 15February1902.
81.Kirk, Comrades and Cousins, p.101.
82.Cited inTurner, Industrial Labour and Politics, p.45.
83.Spence, Australia’s Awakening, p.342.
84. The Clipper, 3March1906.
85. Worker(), 23March1901. For more on these claims, seePeter Love, Labour and the Money Power: Australian Labour Populism 1890-1950,Melbourne University Press,, 1984, ch. 1.
86.Stuart Macintyre, ‘“Temper democratic, bias Australian”: 100 Years of the Australian Labor Party’, Overland, no.162, Autumn2001, p.6.
87.Claude Marquet, ‘The Builder’, Worker(), 11June1908.
88.Turner, Industrial Labour and Politics, p.50.
89.‘Motion Moved by Melbourne Political Labor Council’, cited inNoel Ebbels(ed.), The Australian Labor Movement, 1850-1907: Extracts from Contemporary Documents,Australasian Book Society,, 1960, p.223;‘3rd Interstate Political Labor Conference Report 1905’, cited inBronwyn Stevens andPatrick Weller(eds), The Australian Labor Party and Federal Politics: A Documentary Survey,Melbourne University Press,, 1976, p.72.
90.McMullin, The Light on the Hill, p.56.
91.Cited inMcMullin, The Light on the Hill, pp.56-57.
92.‘Fourth Interstate Political Labor Conference Report’, cited inWorker(), 23July1908.
93.Cited inMcMullin, The Light on the Hill, p.55.
94. CPD, 27April1904, 19:1247.
95.Dyrenfurth, Heroes & Villains, p.128.
96.Cited inMcMullin, The Light on the Hill, p.35.
97.Ross McMullin, So Monstrous a Travesty: Chris Watson and the World’s First National Labour Government,, 2004, pp.141-43.
98. CPD, 12August1904, 21:4240.
99.‘Fourth Interstate Political Labor Conference Report’, cited inWorker(), 23July1908.
100. Worker(), 1April1909.
101.Cited in Humphreys, Andrew Fisher, p.32.
102.McMullin, The Light on the Hill, p.67.
103. Sydney Morning Herald, 5June1909.
104.Spence, Australia’s Awakening, p.278.
105. Worker(), 3June1909.
106. Worker(), 3June1909.
107. Worker(), 15January1910.
108.Jim Case, ‘Electors! Will You Let Him?’, Worker(), 23March1910.
109. Labor Call, 14April1910.
110. Worker(), 4November1909.
111. Labor Vanguard, 21January1910. For more on this issue, seeDyrenfurth, Heroes & Villains, pp.146-50andPaul Strangio, ‘“An Intensity of Feeling such as I had Never Before Witnessed”: Fusion in Victoria’, inNick Dyrenfurth andPaul Strangio(eds), Confusion: The Making of the Australian Two-Party Political System,Melbourne University Press,, 2009, pp.137-38;Bongiorno, The People’s Party, pp.109-10; andRickard, Class and Politics, p.250.
112. Worker(), 17June1909.
113. Labor Call, 6July1911.
114. Worker(), 21April1910.
115. Worker(), 3May1910.
116. Australian Worker, 5June1913.
117.Cited inJohn Hirst, ‘Labor and the Great War’, inRobert Manne(ed.), Australian Century: Political Struggle in the Building of a Nation,Text Publishing,, 1999, pp.58-59.
118.Cited inMcMullin, The Light on the Hill, p.388.