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Endnotes

1.George Dale, The Industrial History of Broken Hill,Fraser & Jenkinson,, 1918;Ern Wetherell, ‘Industrial History of the “Stormy” Years of 1910-1921’, unpublished manuscript,Charles Rasp Memorial Library,, Archives, Broken Hill City Library, 331.88/wet, p.2;Graeme Osborne, ‘Town and company: The Broken Hill industrial dispute of 1908-1909’inStrikes: Studies in Twentieth Century Australian Social History(special edition ofLabour History, no.24),Allen & Unwin,, 1973, pp.26-50;Geoffrey Blainey, The Rise of Broken Hill,Macmillan,, 1968andThe Rush that Never Ended,Melbourne University Press,, 1964andB. Kennedy, Silver, Sin and Sixpenny Ale: A Social History of Broken Hill, 1883-1921,Melbourne University Press,, 1978, pp.102-112. Google Scholar

2.Stephen Connolly, ‘Unseeing the past: Vision and modern British history’, Visual Resources: An International Journal of Documentation, vol.24, no.2, June2008, pp.109-118. See also other articles in this special edition on ‘Visual Collections as Historical Evidence’, especiallyDavid Stewart, ‘The British Labour Party, “parliamentary socialism” and Thatcherism, 1979-1990: A visual perspective’, Visual Resources, vol.24, no.2, June2008, pp.173-187. Google Scholar

3.Paul Robert Adams, The Best Hated Man in Australia: The Life and Death of Percy Brookfield, 1875-1921,Puncher & Wattmann,, 2010. Google Scholar

4.Marian Quartly andNick Dyrenfurth, ‘Fat man v. The People: Labour intellectuals and the making of oppositional identities, 1890-1920’, Labour History, no.92, May, 2007, pp.31-56. See alsoMarian Quartly andRichard Scully, ‘Using cartoons as historical evidence’, inRichard Scully andMarian Quartly(eds), Drawing the Line: Using Cartoons as Historical Evidence,,Monash University ePress, 2009, pp.01.1-01.13. Google Scholar

5.See especiallyAndrew Reeves, Another Day Another Dollar: Working Lives in Australian History,McCulloch Publishing,, 1988. Museum Victoria has an exhibition on trade union banners and the Broken Hill Trades Hall also displays its collection. Google Scholar

6.Diane Kirkby, ‘Writing the history of women working: Photographic evidence and the “disreputable occupation of barmaid”’, Labour History, no.61, (Special Edition on Women, Work and the Labour Movement in Australia and Aotearoa), November, 1991, pp.6-7. Google Scholar

7.We are aware that visual evidence has been used extensively in other areas of historical analysis and we are making a very specific point about the types of evidence used by Australian labour historians. For a sense of this broad literature see, for example,Peter Burke, Eyewitnessing: The Uses of Images as Historical Evidence,Cornell University Press,, 2001;Lawrence W. Levine, The Unpredictable Past: Explorations in American Cultural History,Oxford University Press,, 1993, pp.256-290;Alan Trachtenberg, ‘Albums of war: On reading Civil War photographs’, Representations, vol.9, 1985, pp.1-32;Barbie Zelizer, Remembering to Forget: Holocaust Memory through the Camera’s Eye,University of Chicago Press,, 1998andDavid Frank, ‘Short takes: The Canadian worker in film’, Labour/Le Travail, no.46, Fall, 2000, pp.417-437. Google Scholar

8.Hayden White, ‘Historiography and historiophoty’, The American Historical Review, vol.93, no.5. (December, 1988), p.1193. Google Scholar

9.Susan Sontag, On Photography,Penguin,, 1977, p.24. Google Scholar

10.SeeChris Jenks(ed), Visual Culture,Routledge,, 1992. Google Scholar

11. Barrier Miner, 19November, 1917and1July1919. Google Scholar

12.For the Kodak 3A advertisement seeBarrier Miner, 16January1918. For the Kodak Brownie advertisement seeBarrier Miner, 24September1918. Google Scholar

13.See, for example, the exhibition at University of Sydney’s Macleay Museum, ‘Picturing New South Wales, Photographs by Kerry & Co. [http://www.usyd.edu.au/news/93.html?eventid=5379accessed 24 November, 2010 ]. Google Scholar

14.M. Ansara andL. Milner, ‘The Waterside Workers Federation Film Unit: The forgotten frontier of the fifties’, Metro Magazinevol.119, 1999, pp.28-39. Google Scholar

15.For examples relevant to Broken Hill seeFifty Years of Industry and Enterprise: 1885-1935,J.T. Picken & Sons and BHP,, 1935andThe Zinc Corporation Ltd. and New Broken Hill Consolidated Ltd,The Zinc Corporation,, 1948. Google Scholar

16.Grahame Griffin, ‘J.H. Lundager, Mount Morgan politician and photographer: Company hack or subtle subversive?’, Journal of Australian Studies, vol.16, no.34, 1992, pp.15-31. Google Scholar

17.Erik Eklund, “‘Intelligently directed welfare work”?: Labour management strategies in local context, Port Pirie, 1915-1929’, Labour History, no.76, May1999, p.138. Google Scholar

18.Roland Barthes, Camera Lucida: Reflections on Photography, trans.Richard Howard,, 1984, pp.76-77. Google Scholar

19.Allan Sekula, ‘Photography between labour and capital’, inMining Photographs and Other Pictures: A Selection from the Negative Archives of Shedden Studio, Glace Bay, Cape Breton. 1948-1968, eds.Benjamin H.D. Buchloh andRobert Wilkie,The Press of the Nova Scotia College of Art and Design and the University College of Cape Breton Press,, 1983, p.195. Google Scholar

20.Roland Barthes, ‘Rhetoric of the Image,’inImage, Music, Text, ed. and trans.Stephen Heath,, 1977, p.39. Google Scholar

21.A point well made by Bradom Ellem and John Shields‘Making a “Union Town”: Class, Gender and Consumption in Inter-War Broken Hill’, Labour History, no.78, May, 2000, p.117. More recent work has begun to extend the focus into the 1920s and beyond. See, for example,Sarah Gregson, ‘Defending internationalism in interwar Broken Hill’, Labour History, no.86, May2004, pp.115-136andJulie Kimber, ‘A case of mild anarchy?: Job committees in the Broken Hill mines, c1930 to c1954’, Labour History, no.80, May, 2001, pp.41-64. Google Scholar

22.Bradon Ellem andJohn Shields, ‘Making the “Gibraltar of Unionism”: Union organising and peak union agency in Broken Hill, 1886-1930’, Labour History, no.83, November, 2002, p.73. For references to Broken Hill’s reputation as a ‘Mecca’ of unionism seeWetherell, ‘Industrial History of the “Stormy” Years of 1910-1921’, p.2. Google Scholar

23.The 1909 Lockout was also the most cartooned of the disputes. SeeAlan Katen Dunstan(ed), ‘Broke-N-Ill the Writing On the Wall’: Cartoons From Around the ‘Lock-Out’ 1909-1910,Alan Katen Dunstan,, 1994. Google Scholar

24.Dale, The Industrial History of Broken Hill, p.109. Google Scholar

25.John Laurent, ‘Tom Mann, R. S. Ross and evolutionary socialism in Broken Hill, 1902-1912: Alternative social darwinism in the Australian Labour Movement’, Labour History, no.51, November, 1986, p.66;Blainey, The Rise of Broken Hill, p.118;Kennedy, Silver, Sin and Sixpenny Ale, p.103, andDale, The Industrial History of Broken Hill, p.109. Google Scholar

26.Dale, The Industrial History of Broken Hill, p.117. Google Scholar

27.Dale, The Industrial History of Broken Hill, p.110, andAlan R. Dunstan andGarry Darby, Joseph Brokenshire 1877-1947: An Exhibition of his Photographs Broken Hill Art Gallery 4 October - 14 October, 1988,Broken Hill City Council,, 1988, p.10. Google Scholar

28.Kennedy, Silver, Sin, and Sixpenny Ale, pp.105-106. Google Scholar

29.Dale, The Industrial History of Broken Hill, pp.114-15. Google Scholar

30.Kennedy, Silver, Sin and Sixpenny Ale, p.107, andDale, The Industrial History of Broken Hill, p.116. Google Scholar

31. Sydney Morning Herald, 5January1909(2nd edition), p.7, andDale, The Industrial History of Broken Hill, p.115. Google Scholar

32.Dale implies, and Kennedy does not dismiss the suggestion, that ‘Delprat engineered the incident’. SeeDale The Industrial History of Broken Hill, pp.115-16, andKennedy, Silver, Sin and Sixpenny Ale, p.107. Brokenshire was friendly with the police and, curiously, not only was he in position on the balcony of the Australian Club Hotel in time to photograph the assaults on the mine officials and other workers leaving the mine, but he was already there prior to the police being marched off the lease. Google Scholar

33.Kennedy, Silver, Sin and Sixpenny Ale, p.107, andDale, The Industrial History of Broken Hill, pp.117-18. Google Scholar

34.Chushichi Tsuzuki, Tom Mann 1856-1941: The Challenges of Labour,Clarendon Press,, 1991, pp.138-9. Google Scholar

35.Dale, The Industrial History of Broken Hill, p.131. Google Scholar

37.Dunstan andDarby, Joseph Brokenshire 1877-1947, pp.3, 23. Google Scholar

38.Wooler’s postcards of Tom Mann’s return and his address beside the Trades Hall are reproduced in Stokes, United We Stand: Impressions of Broken Hill 1908-1910: Recollections and Photographs from the Period,Five Mile Press,, 1983pp.199, 201. Google Scholar

39.Stokes, United We Stand, p.230, andDunstan andDarby, Joseph Brokenshire 1877-1947, pp.3, 23. Google Scholar

40.Dale, The Industrial History of Broken Hill, pp.174-206. Google Scholar

41.Dale, The Industrial History of Broken Hill, pp.205-206andWetherell, ‘Industrial History of the “Stormy” Years of 1910-1921’, pp.22-29. Google Scholar

42.Dale, The Industrial History of Broken Hill, p.206andWetherell, ‘Industrial History of the “Stormy” Years of 1910-1921’, p.29. Google Scholar

43.Dale, The Industrial History of Broken Hill, pp.232-34, andBarrier Daily Truth(BDT), 6October1917. Google Scholar

44.Dale, The Industrial History of Broken Hill, pp.234-36. Google Scholar

45.Dale, The Industrial History of Broken Hill, pp.234-36. Google Scholar

46.Geoffrey Blainey, The Rise of Broken Hill,Macmillan,, 1968, p.142. Google Scholar

47.Stokes, United We Stand, p.229. Google Scholar

48.Brian Carroll, Built on Silver: A History of Broken Hill South,Hill of Content,, 1986, pp.59-62. Google Scholar

49.Dale, The Industrial History of Broken Hill, p.185. Google Scholar

50. Barrier Daily Truth, 15-24January1916;Wetherell, ‘Industrial History of the “Stormy” Years of 1910-1921’, p.15; andDale, The Industrial History of Broken Hill, p.199. Google Scholar

51.See, for example,Verity Burgmann, Revolutionary Industrial Unionism: The International Workers of the World in Australia,Cambridge University Press,, 1995, pp.207-210. Google Scholar

52. Barrier Miner, 13November1920. Google Scholar

53.Kirkby, ‘Writing the history of women working’, pp.3-16. Google Scholar

54.Captions can become a controversial feature of the presentation of visual evidence as shown by the criticism levelled at the National Museum of Australia by Keith Windschuttle beginning in 2001. SeeGraeme Davison, ‘Conflict in the museum’, inBain Attwood andS.G. Foster(eds), Frontier Conflict: The Australian Experience,National Museum of Australia,, 2003, pp.211-12. Google Scholar

56. The Advertiser, 5January1909, p.9, and11January1909, p.7;Argus, 6January1909, p.7and11m 1909, p. 7, Sydney Morning Herald, 5January1909, p.5and5January1909(2nd edition), p.7, and11January1909, pp.6, 8. Google Scholar

57. The Australasian, 16January1909, p.154. Google Scholar

58. The Australasian, 16January1909, pp.157-58. Google Scholar

59. The Australasian, 16January1909, p.161. Google Scholar

60. The Town and Country Journal, 13January1909, pp.15-16, 30-31, 33. Google Scholar

61. The Town and Country Journal, 20January1909, pp.15, 28-9. Google Scholar

62. The Town and Country Journal, 20January1909, p.28. For reports of attacks on photographers, seeStokes, United We Stand, pp.186-87, andThe Australasian Photo-Review, 22February1909, p.102. Google Scholar

63. The Town and Country Journal, 27January1909, pp.15, 32-3. Google Scholar

64. The Town and Country Journal, 3February1909, p.29. Google Scholar

65. The Town and Country Journal, 10February1909, p.27, and17February1909, pp.22, 29, 53. Google Scholar

66.This was not the end of the story as the following issue included two pages built around Brokenshire’s photographs of officials and police.The Town and Country Journal, 24February1909, pp.15, 32-3. Google Scholar

67.The most famous case from Broken Hill of postcards being used for the purpose of assisting the labour movement were those produced after Percy Brookfield MLA was shot on 21 March 1921. After Brookfield’s funeral, the largest Broken Hill has ever seen, the photographs were purchased by Mick Considine from the photographer, Cavin James Conlon. The photographs were then turned into souvenir postcards to raise funds for the Brookfield memorial. SeePaul Robert Adams, ‘Selflessness in stone: The memorialisation of Percy Brookfield as socialist martyr’, History Australia, vol.4, no.2, December, 2007, pp.38.6-38.7. Google Scholar

70.Blainey, The Rise of Broken Hill, p.121. Google Scholar

71.Kennedy, Silver, Sin and Six Penny Ale, pp.51-72. Google Scholar

72.Brian Fitzpatrick, The Australian People, 1788-1945,Melbourne University Press,, 1946, p.237. Google Scholar

73. Barrier Miner, 12October, 1925;K. Inglis, Sacred Places: War Memorials in the Australian Landscape,Miegunyah Press at Melbourne University Press,, 1998, pp.223-24andPaul Rainbird, ‘Representing nation, dividing community: The Broken Hill War Memorial, New South Wales’, World Archaeology, vol.35, no.1, June, 2003, pp.22-34. Google Scholar

74.Wetherell, ‘Industrial History of the “Stormy” Years of 1910-1921’, p.2. Google Scholar

75.Stokes, United We Stand, p.205. Google Scholar

76.For a discussion of the industrial militants drawn to Broken Hill at this time, seeAdams, The Best Hated Man in Australia, pp.18-24. Google Scholar

77.Ian Turner, Industrial Labour and Politics: The Dynamics of the Labour Movement in Eastern Australia, 1900-1921, revised edition,Hale & Iremonger,, 1979, p.88. Google Scholar

78. Direct Action, 28February1914and22August1914;Barrier Daily Truth, 7August1916and27September1916,Jim Moss, Sound of Trumpets: History of the Labour Movement in South Australia,Wakefield Press,, 1985, p.233;Wetherell, ‘Industrial History of the “Stormy” Years of 1910-1921’, p.13. Google Scholar

79.‘The anatomy of a strike 1908-9’, Two Hundred Years: A Week by Week Historical Count Down to Australia’s Bicentennial, no.4,,Bay Books, 1987, pp.92-95. Google Scholar

80.Noel Butlin Archives Centre, ‘NBAC Timeline’, inhttp://www.archives.anu.edu.au/nbac/html/timeline.php, accessed 29 October 2010. Google Scholar

81.See‘Key moment in Australia’s union history commemorated’, ABC Radio Broken Hillinhttp://www.abc.net.au/local/stories/2009/04/20/2546761.htm, accessed 24 Nov 2010. Google Scholar

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