Footnotes
*The authors would like to thank Labour History’s two anonymous referees.
1.For example, P. J. Gollan, R. Markey and I. Ross, eds, Works Councils in Australia: Future Prospects and Possibilities (Sydney: Federation Press, 2002).
2.D. Adam and R. Markey, “Comparing Employee Voice in Australia and the UK: AWRS and WERS,” Australian Workplace Relations Survey Conference, Australian Fair Work Commission, June 2015, Melbourne, accessed April 2017, https://www.fwc.gov.au/documents/awrs/Comparing-employee-voice-Australia-UK.pdf; A. Morehead, M. Steele, M. Alexander, K. Stephen and L. Duffin, Changes at Work: The 1995 Australian Workplace Industrial Relations Survey (Melbourne: Longman, 1997), 189.
3.J. Teicher, P. Holland, A. Pyman and B. Cooper, “Australian Workers: Finding Their Voice?” in What Workers Say: Employee Voice in the Anglo-American Workplace, ed. R. B. Freeman, P. Boxall and P. Haynes (Ithaca: ILR Press, 2007), 138.
4.R. Markey and G. Patmore, “Employee Participation and Labour Representation: ICI Works Councils in Australia, 1943–75,” Labour History, no. 97 (November 2009): 53–73; R. Markey and G. Patmore, “Employee Participation in Health and Safety in the Australian Steel Industry: Port Kembla, 1935–2006,” British Journal of Industrial Relations 49, no. 1 (2011): 144–67.
5.N. Balnave “Company-Sponsored Recreation in Australia: 1890–1965, Labour History, no. 85 (November 2003): 129.
6.J. W. Budd, P. J. Gollan and A. Wilkinson, “New Approaches to Employee Voice and Participation in Organizations,” Human Relations 63, no. 3 (2010): 303–305; R. Markey and K. Townsend, “Contemporary Trends in Employee Involvement and Participation,” Journal of Industrial Relations 55, no. 4 (2013): 475–87.
7.G. Strauss, “An Overview,” in Organizational Participation: Myth and Reality, ed. F. Heller, E. Pusic, G. Strauss and Bernard Wilpert (New York: Oxford University Press, 1998), 15.
8.A. Wilkinson, P. J. Gollan, M. Marchington and D. Lewin, “Conceptualising Employee Participation in Organizations,” in The Oxford Handbook of Participation in Organizations, ed. A. Wilkinson, P. J. Gollan, M. Marchington and D. Lewin (New York: Oxford University Press, 2010), 4–5.
9.P. Blyton, and P. Turnbull, The Dynamics of Employee Relations (Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan, 2004), 257.
10.C. Pateman, Participation and Democratic Theory (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1970).
11.F. Heller, “Playing the Devil’s Advocate: Limits to Information Sharing in Theory and Practice,” in Heller, Pusic, Strauss and Wilpert, Organizational Participation, 149–50.
12.S. Webb and B. Webb, Industrial Democracy (London: Longmans Green, 1902); Budd, Gollan and Wilkinson, “New Approaches to Employee Voice,” 304.
13.H. Knudsen and R. Markey, “Works Councils: Lessons from Europe for Australia,” in Gollan, Markey and Ross. Works Councils in Australia, 102–103.
14.H. Ramsay, “Cycles of Control: Worker Participation in Sociological and Historical Perspective,” Sociology 11, no. 3 (1977): 481–506.
15.Blyton and Turnbull, The Dynamics of Employee Relations, 258.
16.G. Patmore, Worker Voice: Employee Representation in the Workplace in Australia, Canada, Germany, the UK and the US 1914–39 (Liverpool: Liverpool University Press, 2016).
17.B. E. Kaufman and D. Taras, eds, Nonunion Employee Representation: History, Contemporary Practice, and Policy (New York: M. E. Sharpe, 2000); R. Markey, “Non-Union Employee Representation in Australia: A Case Study of the Suncorp Metway Employee Council Inc. (SMEC),” Journal of Industrial Relations 49, no. 1 (2007): 187–210.
18.Balnave, “Company-Sponsored Recreation in Australia,” 130–32; J. Melling, “Employers, Industrial Welfare, and the Struggle for Work-Place Control in British Industry,” in Managerial Strategies and Industrial Relations: An Historical and Comparative Study, ed. H. Gospel and C. Littler (London: Heimann Educational Books, 1983), 57; M. McCallum, “Corporate Welfarism in Canada, 1919–39,” Canadian Historical Review 71, no. 1 (1990): 46–49; S. Jacoby, Employing Bureaucracy: Managers, Unions and the Transformation of Work in American Industry, 1900–45 (New York: Columbia University Press, 1985), 54; R. Edwards, Contested Terrain: The Transformation of the Workplace in the Twentieth Century (New York: Basic Books, 1979), 92–93.
19.C. Forster, “The Economy, Wages and the Establishment of Arbitration,” in Foundations of Arbitration: The Origins and Effects of State Compulsory Arbitration, 1890–1914, ed. S. Macintyre and R. Mitchell (Melbourne: Oxford University Press, 1988), 203–24; J. Hagan, The History of the ACTU (Melbourne: Longman, 1981), 25–38.
20.F. R. E. Mauldon, “Co-operation and Welfare in Industry,” in An Economic Survey of Australia, ed. D. B. Copland (Philadelphia: American Academy of Political and Social Science, 1931), The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 158 (November 1931): 185.
21.Advisory Council of Science and Industry (ACSI), Welfare Work, (ACSI) Bulletin, no. 15 (1919); ACSI, Industrial Cooperation in Australia, (ACSI) Bulletin, no. 17 (1920).
22.Mauldon, “Co-operation and Welfare in Industry,” 185.
23.ACSI, Industrial Cooperation in Australia, 25; C. Wright, The Management of Labour: A History of Australian Employers (Melbourne: Oxford University Press, 1995), 22–23; Markey and Patmore, “Employee Participation and Labour Representation,” 53–74.
24.Patmore, Worker Voice, 44, 202; E. Eklund, “‘Intelligently Directed Welfare Work’? Labour Management Strategies in Local Context: Port Pirie, 1915–1929,” Labour History, no. 76 (May 1999): 130.
25.Markey and Patmore, “Employee Participation in Health and Safety in the Australian Steel Industry,” 151.
26.G. S. Beeby, “Industrial Conditions in Great Britain and the United States of America,” NSW Industrial Gazette 16, no. 2, Special Supplement (1919): 85A–90A; G. Patmore, Australian Labour History (Melbourne: Longman Cheshire, 1991), 147.
27.Wright, Management of Labour, 22.
28.Ibid., 62–63.
29.N. Balnave, “The State and Employment Relations: Wartime Welfarism,” International Employment Relations Review 9, no. 1 (2003): 61–73.
30.T. Sheridan, Division of Labour: Industrial Relations in the Chifley Years, 1945–1949 (Melbourne: Oxford University Press, 1989).
31.Markey and Patmore, “Employee Participation in Health and Safety in the Australian Steel Industry,” 153.
32.Mauldon, “Co-operation and Welfare in Industry,” 186.
33.G. Cass, Workers’ Benefit or Employers’ Burden: Workers’ Compensation in New South Wales 1880–1926 (Kensington: Industrial Relations Research Centre, UNSW, 1983), 53–85.
34.R. Hamilton, Waltzing Matilda and the Sunshine Harvester Factory: The Early History of the Arbitration Court, the Australian Minimum Wage, Working Hours and Paid Leave (Melbourne: Fair Work Australia, 2011), 153–56.
35.L. R. Wall, “Social and Recreational Clubs in Queensland Industry,” Personnel Practice Bulletin 11, no. 1 (1955): 44; Balnave, “Company-Sponsored Recreation in Australia 1890–1965,” 136.
36.Wright, Management of Labour, 62–63.
37.E. Ross, A History of the Miners’ Federation of Australia (Sydney: Australasian Coal and Shale Employees’ Federation, 1970), 378.
38.“Our Story,” Maritime Super, accessed April 2017, http://www.maritimesuper.com.au/main/aboutus/our-story; B. Fitzpatrick and R. J. Cahill, The Seamen’s Union of Australia 1872–1972: A History (Sydney: Seamen’s Union of Australia, 1981), 285.
39.K. Swoboda, “Chronology of Major Superannuation and Retirement Income Changes in Australia,” Parliament of Australia, Parliamentary Library, Research Paper Series, 2013–14, accessed April 2017 http://parlinfo.aph.gov.au/parlInfo/download/library/prspub/2981801/upload_binary/2981801.pdf.
40.Balnave, “The State and Employment Relations,” 64.
41.Wright, Management of Labour, 63–64.
42.Balnave, “The State and Employment Relations,” 64–69.
43.Mauldon, “Co-operation and Welfare in Industry,” 183.
44.Patmore, Worker Voice, 43–45.
45.G. Patmore, “A History of Industrial Relations in the NSW Government Railways: 1855–1929” (Ph.D. diss., Department of Industrial Relations, University of Sydney, 1985), 310.
46.G. Patmore, “Employee Representation Plans in the United States, Canada, and Australia: An Employer Response to Workplace Democracy,” Labor 3, no. 2 (2006): 63.
47.R. Markey, In Case of Oppression: The Life and Times of the Labor Council of NSW (Sydney: Pluto Press, 1994): 105–106.
48.ACSI, Industrial Co-operation in Australia, 41, 56; Patmore, Australian Labour History, 146.
49.ACSI, Industrial Co-operation in Australia, 9.
50.Patmore, “A History of Industrial Relations in the NSW Government Railways,” 400.
51.R. Frances, “‘No More Amazons’: Gender and Work Process in the Victorian Clothing Trades, 1890–1939,” Labour History, no. 50 (May 1986): 110–11.
52.ACSI, Industrial Co-operation in Australia, 9; B. Ellem and J. Shields, “Making a ‘Union Town’: Class, Gender and Consumption in Inter-War Broken Hill,” Labour History, no. 78 (May 2000): 129–30.
53.Eklund, “Intelligently Directed Welfare Work,” 140; M. Hearn, Working Lives: A History of the Australian Railways Union (NSW Branch) (Sydney: Hale and Iremonger, 1990).
54.ACSI, Industrial Co-operation in Australia, 34.
55.“Works Canteen Controlled by Employees,” Manufacturing and Management (15 May 1947): 425.
56.“Recreation Club David Jones,” Minute, 15 September 1949, Series SP 146/1, item 582/2/14, National Archives of Australia.
57.Christopher Wright, “The Rise of Modern Labour Management: The Formalisation of Employment and Work Relations in Australian Manufacturing Industry, 1940–1972” (Ph.D diss., University of Sydney, 1990), 192.
58.Mauldon, “Co-operation and Welfare in Industry,” 183.
59.Eklund, “Intelligently Directed Welfare Work,” 131, 142, 145 endnote 27.
60.Wright, “The Rise of Modern Labour Management,” 33.
61.N. Balnave, “Industrial Welfarism in Australia: 1890–1965” (Ph.D diss., University of Sydney, 2002).
62.Patmore, Worker Voice, 62, 65; B. E. Kaufman, “Accomplishments and Shortcomings of Nonunion Employee Representation in the Pre-Wagner Act Years: A Reassessment,” in Kaufman and Taras, Nonunion Employee Representation, 40–45.
63.D. Nelson, Managers and Workers: Origins of the New Factory System in the United States 1880–1920 (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1975), 118–19.
64.S. Brandes, American Welfare Capitalism, 1880–1940 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1976), 130.
65.Jacoby, Employing Bureaucracy, 53.
66.Markey and Patmore, “Employee Participation in Health and Safety in the Australian Steel Industry,” 153.
67.For example, Markey and Patmore, “Employee Participation and Labour Representation.”
68.E. White and L. F. Edmonds, “Management-Employee Committees in Australia,” Bulletin of Industrial Psychology and Personnel Practice 9, no. 3 (1953): 3–11.
69.L. R. Wall and W. P. Butler, “Management-Employee Committees: The Results of Australian Research,” Bulletin of Industrial Psychology and Personnel Practice 15, no. 1 (1959): 40.
70.Eklund, “Intelligently Directed Welfare Work,” 133.
71.ACSI, Industrial Co-operation in Australia, 33, 40.
72.Nelson, Managers and Workers, 118.
73.Eklund, “Intelligently Directed Welfare Work,” 131, 145 endnote 27.
74.ACSI, Industrial Co-operation in Australia, 30–31, 40.
75.Ibid., 9, 11.
76.M. Kangan, “Employee Services in Large Tasmanian Establishments,” Personnel Practice Bulletin 10, no. 1 (1954): 41.
77.Ibid., 36, 41–42.
78.C. O. Turner, “Employee Security Plans and Procedures,” Manufacturing and Management (15 August 1946): 74–75.
79.E. Eklund, “Managers, Workers, and Industrial Welfarism: Management Strategies at ER&S and the Sulphide Corporation, 1895–1929,” Australian Economic History Review 37, no. 2 (1997): 150.
80.ACSI, Industrial Co-operation in Australia, 10.
81.Eklund, “Managers, Workers, and Industrial Welfarism,” 150.
82.ACSI, Industrial Co-operation in Australia, 20–21.
83.Eklund, “Managers, Workers, and Industrial Welfarism,” 150.
84.C. O. Turner, “One Day’s Stoppage in Twenty Years,”’ Personnel Practice Bulletin 15, no. 2 (1959): 21.
85.G. Blainey, The Peaks of Lyell (Hobart: St David’s Park Publishing, 1993), 225.
86.Eklund, “Intelligently Directed Welfare Work,” 132, 145 endnote 27.
87.ACSI, Industrial Co-operation in Australia, 48–49.
88.“Industrial Cafeteria Advisory Committees,” Department of Labour and National Service, 13 April 1945, Series SP 146/1, item 572/8/8, National Archives of Australia.
89.S. E. G. Imer, “Social and Recreational Activities in NSW Industry,” Personnel Practice Bulletin 15, no. 3 (1959): 7.
90.Wall, “Social and Recreational Clubs in Queensland Industry,” 47–48.
91.Ibid., 46.
92.Imer, “Social and Recreational Activities in NSW Industry,” 7–8.
93.Ibid., 7–8.
94.Shaw, “Works Canteen Controlled by Employees,” 424.
95.Ibid., 424–25.
96.Ibid.
97.H. V. Wallage, “Welfare without Waste,” Personnel Practice Bulletin 24, no. 2 (1968):142–43.
98.Shaw, “Works Canteen Controlled by Employees,” 424.
99.P. Griffin, “Employee Welfare in a Textile Company,” Personnel Practice Bulletin 22, no. 1 (1966): 27.
100.Markey, “Non-Union Employee Representation in Australia.”
101.Blyton and Turnbull, The Dynamics of Employee Relations.
102.Pateman, Participation and Democratic Theory.