Labour History

Footnotes

*The author would like to thankLabour History‘s two anonymous referees. Google Scholar

1.Maureen Martin interview with Liam Martin, September1999, Transcript, OHColl-0458, Oral History Centre, Alexander Turnbull Library (OHC-ATL). Google Scholar

2.Anna Green, British Capital, Antipodean Labour: Working the New Zealand Waterfront, 1915–1951(:University of Otago Press, 2001). Post-war conflict on the waterfront was not limited to New Zealand; seeColin Davis, Waterfront Revolts: New York and London Dockworkers, 1946–61(:University of Illinois Press, 2003);Les Louis, “The Cold/Class War, and the Jailing of Ted Roach,” Labour History, no. 86(2004):157–72. Google Scholar

3.“The Waterfront Strike Emergency Regulations 1951,” New Zealand Statutory Regulations(1951):65–73. Google Scholar

4. “Department of Labour Final Return of Strike or Industrial Dispute,”1951, AANK-W3285–7,Archives New Zealand (ANZ). Google Scholar

5.Michael Bassett, Confrontation ‘51: The 1951 Waterfront Dispute(:Reed, 1972), 212. Google Scholar

6.Robert Chapman, “From Labour to National,”inThe Oxford History of New Zealand, ed.W. H. Oliver(:Oxford University Press, 1981), 333–68;Barry Gustafson, “The National Governments and Social Change (1949–1972),”inThe Oxford Illustrated History of New Zealand, ed.Keith Sinclair(:Oxford University Press, 1990), 267–94;Tom Brooking, The History of New Zealand(:Greenwood Press, 2004). Google Scholar

7.Christine Meade, “New Zealand Waterfront Unions, 1951–1967: A Study of the Repercussions of the 1951 Strike on the Wharf Unionists, and of Union Organisation from the Defeat of the N.Z.W.W.U. until the Formation of the New Zealand Federation of Watersiders,”(,University of Otago, 1980);Pat Walsh, “The Legacy of ‘51,”inThe Big Blue: Snapshots of the 1951 Waterfront Lockout, ed.David Grant(:Canterbury University Press, 2004), 151–57;Cybèle Locke, Workers in the Margins: Union Radicals in Post-War New Zealand(:Bridget Williams Books, 2012), 36. Google Scholar

8.Melanie Nolan, “‘The Women were Bloody Marvellous’: 1951, Gender and New Zealand Industrial Relations,” Historical Studies in Industrial Relations, no. 16(2003):117–39. Google Scholar

9.David Camfield, “Neoliberalism and Working-Class Resistance in British Columbia: The Hospital Employees’ Union Struggle, 2002–2004,” Labour/Le Travail 57(2006):36. Google Scholar

10.Mark Westcott, “One of the Boys or the Common Good?: Workplace Activism in the NSW Branch of the Federated Engine Drivers and Firemens Associations,” Labour History, no. 91(2006):75–94;John Tully, “‘Nothing but Rebels’: Union Sisters at the Sydney Rubber Works, 1918–42,” Labour History, no. 103(2012):59–82;Robert Tierney, “The New South Wales Railway Commissioners’ Strategic Pre-Planning for the Mass Strike of 1917,” Labour History, no. 98(2010):143–61;Danielle Thornton, “‘We Have No Redress Unless We Strike’: Class, Gender and Activism in the Melbourne Tailoresses’ Strike, 1882–83,” Labour History, no. 96(2009):19–38;Judith Smart, “Respect Not Relief: Feminism, Guild Socialism and the Guild Hall Commune in Melbourne, 1917,” Labour History, no. 94(2008):113–32;Michael Quinlan, “The Low Rumble of Informal Dissent: Shipboard Protests over Health and Safety in Australian Waters, 1790–1900,” Labour History, no. 102(2012):131–56;Rory O’Malley, “The Eclipse of Mateship: The ‘Wide Comb Dispute’ 1979–85,” Labour History, no. 90(2006):155–76;Patrick O’Leary andPeter Sheldon “Strategic Choices and Unintended Consequences: Employer Militancy in Victoria’s Meat Industry, 1986–93,” Labour History, no. 95(2008):223–42;Ashley Lavelle, “Under Pressure: The Whitlam Labor Opposition and Class Struggle, 1967–72,” Labour History, no. 96(2009):117–33;Charles Fahey andJohn Lack, “‘Silent Forms of Coercion’: Welfare Capitalism, State Labour Regulation and Collective Action at the Yarraville Sugar Refinery, 1890–1925,” Labour History, no. 101(2011):105–22;Nick Dyrenfurth, “‘A Terrible Monster’: From Employers to Capitalists in the 1885–86 Melbourne Wharf Labourers’ Strike,” Labour History, no. 94(2008):89–111;Sandra Cockfield, “Mobilising at the Workplace: State Regulation and Collective Action in Three Workplaces, 1900 to the 1920s,” Labour History, no. 93(2007):35–55;Robert Bollard, “‘The Active Chorus’: The Great Strike of 1917 in Victoria,” Labour History, no. 90(2006):77–94;David Baker, “A Tale of Two Towns: Industrial Pickets, Police Practices and Judicial Review,” Labour History, no. 95(2008):151–67;Paul Robert Adams andErik Eklund, “Representing Militancy: Photographs of the Broken Hill Industrial Disputes, 1908–20,” Labour History, no. 101(2011):1–33. Google Scholar

11.Sue Bruley, “The Politics of Food: Gender, Family, Community and Collective Feeding in South Wales in the General Strike and Miners’ Lockout of 1926,” Twentieth Century British History 18, no. 1(2007):63;Steven Thompson, “That Beautiful Summer of Severe Austerity: Health, Diet and the Working-Class Domestic Economy in South Wales in 1926,” The Welsh History Review 21, no. 3(2003):564. Google Scholar

12.Timothy Minchin, “‘Labor’s Empty Gun’: Permanent Replacements and the International Paper Company Strike of 1987–88,” Labor History 47, no. 1(2006):30. Google Scholar

13.Department of Labour, “Schedule of the Time and Wages Lost Workers Involved in Waterfront Dispute,”1951, AANK-W3285–7, ANZ. Google Scholar

14.Bassett, Confrontation, 138–39. See alsoDick Scott, 151 Days: History of the Great Waterfront Lockout and Supporting Strikes, February 15–July 15, 1951, 50th Anniversary Facsimile edn (:Reed, 2001), 165–73. Google Scholar

15.Bassett, Confrontation, 139. Bassett footnotes this claim to an article in theHerald, but police sources demonstrate that they were the source for this article, and that it was untrue: Report of Dave Patterson, Wellington, 1 April1951, ADMO-21007-W5595–25/9/20/12, ANZ. Google Scholar

16.Minutes of Meeting of Unions Directly Involved in Waterfront Dispute, 13 June1951, Box 1, Barnes Papers, Auckland University Library (AUL); Huntly Coalfields Oral History Project, OHC-ATL;“Many Waterside Strikers Now in Full-Time Jobs in Various Other Industries,”5 April1951, Dominion, ADMO-21007–25/9/20/6, Part 1; Report of Dave Patterson, Wellington, 1 April1951, ADMO-21007- 25/9/20/12; Report of E. G. Ward, Lyttelton, 1 April 1951 and Report of Duncan Wilson, Oamaru, 31 March1951, ADMO-21007–5/9/20/2, Part 1; Report Bluff, 2 May1951, ADMO-21007–25/9/20/3, ANZ. Google Scholar

17.Maureen Fairey interview with author, 5 July2010, interviews in this collection are in the author’s possession and will be deposited in the OHC-ATL. Google Scholar

18.NZWWU Auckland Branch, Minutes of Special Meeting of Executive and Chairmen of Committees, 6 April1951, 94-106-11/01, Roth Papers, ATL. Google Scholar

19.For an example of how rare see, Report of E. G. Ward, Lyttelton, 1 April1951, ADMO-21007–25/9/20/2, Part 1, ANZ. Google Scholar

20.See for example, NZWWU Auckland Branch, Minutes of Special Meeting of Executive & Chairmen of Committees, 21 April1951, 5 June1951, 94-106-11/01; N. Coole to R. Jones, 5 June1951, 94-106-11/04, Roth Papers, ATL. Google Scholar

21. “Summary,” Department of Labour, Appointment of a Receiver, AANK-W3285–7, ANZ. Google Scholar

22.Jim Healy, General Secretary Waterside Workers’ Federation of Australia, To All Branches and Federal Councillors, 24 July1951, Box 1, Vault 156, Barnes Papers, AUL; Report of Detective Sergeant R. Jones, relative to: Edward Albert Napier, Vide Attached no. 3272, ADMO-21007-W5595/1–25/9/20, ANZ; Fred Rix interview with Nicola Lovett, 26 November2011, 2010.130.1, Huntly Coalfields Museum. Google Scholar

23.E. Williamson, Relief Committee Report, July1951, 94-106-11/06, Roth Papers, ATL. Google Scholar

24.Scott, 151 Days, 173. Just over £20,000 was distributed from national office to the branches during the dispute, not the £50,000 Scott suggested: [Rough Accounts], New Zealand Waterside Workers’ Union, 1951, 88–311, Hill Papers, ATL. Google Scholar

25.Bassett, Confrontation, 68. Google Scholar

26.Report of A. Johnston, Greymouth, 30 March1951, ADMO-21007-W5595–25/9/20/13, ANZ;Andrea Hotere, “The 1951 Waterfront Lockout in Port Chalmers”(BA Hons thesis,University of Otago, 1989), 92. Google Scholar

27.Northern Taranaki, Wellington, Canterbury and Otago and Southland Cleaners, Caretakers, Lift Attendants and Watchmen Award1950, 3 May1950; New Zealand Clothing-Trade Employees Award1950, 8 September1950, New Zealand Awards Agreements & c., Made under the Industrial Conciliation and Arbitration Act, Apprentices Act and the Labour Disputes Investigation Act(hearafterNZAA), vol. 50(1950):429, 1063. Google Scholar

28.See, for example, Alison Pitt, interview with Jamie MacKay, 3 April1992, OHInt-0020/17, OHC-ATL; Tom and Pat Gregory interview with author, 20 December 2010; Joseph Kereopa interview with Jamie Mackay, 27 February1992, OHInt-0020/07, OHC-ATL; Jenny Cameron (pseudonym) interview with author, 17 April 2012. For more information seeGrace Millar, “Families and the New Zealand 1951 Waterfront Dispute,”(PhD diss.,Victoria University of Wellington, 2014). Google Scholar

29.Kate Jordan, “Golden Weather Gardening: New Zealand Home Sections, 1945–1970,”(MA diss.,University of Auckland, 2009), 59–62. Google Scholar

30.See,Norah Holland, “Some Aspects of Home-Making,”(Master of Home Sciences thesis,University of Otago, 1950). Google Scholar

31.Maureen Martin interview with Liam Martin, September1999, Transcript, OHColl-0458/1, OHC-ATL. Google Scholar

32.Legal, Summonses, Return of Eviction Orders for Minister of Housing, AELE-19203-SAC1/47–8.4.2, ANZ; Irvine Hire to Hire Purchase Department Farmers Trading Company, 4 June 1946; Mrs D. Johnstone to Farmers Trading Company, 16 December1940, Box 7 (41), 91/37, Farmers Trading Company Papers, Auckland Museum. Google Scholar

33.Auckland Lockout Minutes, 1949, 94-106-11/09, Roth Papers, ATL. Google Scholar

34.NZWWU Auckland Branch, Minutes of Special Members Meeting, 6 March, 8 March, 14 May1951, 94-106-11/01, Roth Papers, ATL. Google Scholar

35.John James Mitchell interview with Douglas Crosado, Ray Grover and Bert Roth, 1977–88, OHInt-0219/1, OHC-ATL. Oral histories of Wellington relief committee members include similar accounts:Trade Union History Project, “A Dissenting New Zealand: A Seminar on the Life of Rona Bailey,”December1993, audio recording, OHC-01451; Ted Thompson interview with Cath Kelly, 1990, OhInt-0112/3, OHC-ATL. Google Scholar

36.Unfortunately no further information, such as how many members were behind on their bills, is available. General Meeting of the Council, 13 June1951, Wellington City Council Minute Books, vol. 59, 00166:0:57, Wellington City Archives. Google Scholar

38.Maureen Martin interview with Liam Martin, September1999, Transcript, OHColl-0458/1, OHC-ATL. Google Scholar

40.Ian Church, interview with author, 11 February2011. Google Scholar

44.Ted Thompson and Ida Thompson interviews with Cath Kelly, 1990, OhInt-0112/3; Ida Thompson interview with Kerry Taylor, 1995; Ted Thompson interview with Kerry Taylor, 1995, OHColl-0861, OHC-ATL. Google Scholar

47.Circular SAC, 1951/26, 17 July1951, AELE-1927-SAC10–5, ANZ. Google Scholar

48.Memorandum for Minister for State Advances, 6 August1950, AELE-19203-SAC1/47–8.4.2, ANZ. Google Scholar

49.Memorandum, SAC of New Zealand Auckland Office, 4 August1950, AELE-19203-SAC1/47–8.4.2, ANZ. Google Scholar

51.Statement Made by Frederick Charles O’Connor, 9 July1951, AANK-W32853–7, ANZ; Minutes of Lyttelton Seamen’s Union Special Meeting, 17 April1951, Box 26, D-8, Seamen’s Union Auckland Branch Records, AUL. Google Scholar

52.Auckland Seamen’s Strike Committee, Financial Records, 80-307-22/03, New Zealand Seamen’s Union Records, ATL; New Zealand Seamen Award, 16 December1950, NZAA 50(1950):3651. Google Scholar

54. “State Housing New and Old: Increase of Rental Charges,”Appendix to head office circular memorandum, 31 March1950, AELE-19203-SAC1/189–35.88, Part 2, ANZ. Google Scholar

55.For examples, see Wellington City Council Labourers Award, 13 September1950, NZAA 50(1950):1382–83; New Zealand (except Westland and Canterbury) General Warehousemen (Other Than Soft-Goods) Amendment of Award, 12 April1949, NZAA 49(1949):1261. Google Scholar

56.N. Coole to R. Jones, 5 June1951, 94-106-11/04, Roth Papers, ATL. Google Scholar

57.Strike Returns, Department of Labour, 1951, AANK-W3285–7, ANZ. Some watersiders were rehired later on after strikebreakers left, but this varied significantly between ports. For a detailed discussion of the situation in Lyttelton, seeWayne Townsend, “From Bureau to Lockout: Lyttelton Waterside Workers 1920s to 1951”(MA diss.,University of Canterbury, 1985), 287–90. Google Scholar

58.Meade, “New Zealand Waterfront Unions,” 48–50. Google Scholar

59.Dennis Brown interview with author, 12 October 2010; Conan Doyle interview with Hugo Manson, 1986, OH-Coll-011881, OHC-ATL; Rev.J. S. Somerville, “Notes on Black-Listed Freezing Workers,”[1952], 396/39118, DC 3/5; R. Muir to Minister of Labour, [November1953], AANK-947-W3580–3/3/2022, ANZ;Peter Franks, “Hill, Tobias McGlinchy,”inDictionary of New Zealand Biography, online at Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand, accessed March2015,http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/biographies/5h21/hill-tobias-mcglinchy;Tom Bramble, ed., Never a White Flag: The Memoirs of Jock Barnes(:Victoria University Press, 1998), 233–36. Google Scholar

60.Ian Church interview with author, 11 February2011; Maureen Fairey interview with author, 5 July2010. Google Scholar

61.Anna Green interview with watersider, mid-1980s. Anna Green gave me access to these interviews on the condition that I do not identify individual interviewees. Further information about her interviewees can be found in her work:Green, British Capital. Google Scholar

62.Melanie Nolan, “Shattering Dreams about Women in the Lockout,”inGrant, The Big Blue, 76. Google Scholar

63.Pete Gorman, Wharfies: The Watersiders of Port Chalmers(:Variant Media, 2007) DVD;Nolan, “Shattering Dreams,” 76. Google Scholar

64.Maureen Fairey interview with author, 5 July2010. Google Scholar

65.Ida Thompson interview with Kerry Taylor, 1995, OHColl-0861, OHC-ATL. Google Scholar

66.New Zealand Seamen Award, 16 December1950, NZAA 50(1950):3651. Google Scholar

68.At a meeting in May the Auckland branch resolved to fight the next eviction, but there was no further discussion: NZWWU Auckland Branch, Minutes of Special Meeting of Executive and Chairmen of Committees, 7 May1951, 94-106-11/01, Roth Papers, ATL. For SAC unwillingness to evict, see“Minister Explains Rent Demands Made at Miners’ Hostel,”22 May1951, R10074973, ADMO-21007-W5595/1–25/9/20/6, Part 1, ANZ. Google Scholar

69.Jimmy Hewitt interview with Gerry Evans, 1 February2000, copy in author’s possession. Google Scholar

70.Hon. Secretary to Mr J. S. Reynolds esq., 6 August1953, Box 2, Folder 1, 89/203, Mitchell Papers, Auckland Museum. Google Scholar

73.David Dick interview with author, 11 February2011. Google Scholar

75.John James Mitchell interview with Douglas Crosado, Ray Grover and Bert Roth, 1977–1988, OHInt-0219/1, OHC-ATL. Google Scholar

76.Tom and Pat Gregory interview with author, 20 December2010. Google Scholar

77.Maureen Fairey interview with author, 5 July2010. Google Scholar

78.Ibid. Google Scholar

79.Elizabeth Faue, “Retooling the Class Factory: United States Labour History after Marx, Montgomery, and Postmodernism,” Labour History, no. 82(2002):113. Google Scholar

80.Kevin Ford interview with author, 13 February 2011; David Dick interview with author, 11 February2011; William Dougherty interview with author, 11 February2011; Robert Hannah interview with author, 11 February2011. Google Scholar

81.Kevin Ford interview with author, 13 February2011. Google Scholar

82.Maureen Martin interview with Liam Martin, September1999, Transcript, OHColl-0458/1, OHC-ATL. Google Scholar

83.Pip Desmond, Trust: A True Story of Women and Gangs(:Random House, 2009). Google Scholar

84.Keith Sinclair andRaewyn Dalziel, A History of New Zealand, rev. ed. (:Penguin Books, 2000), 334–57. Google Scholar

85.Maureen Martin interview with Liam Martin, September1999, Transcript, OHColl-0458/1, OHC-ATL. Google Scholar

86.Ibid.Martin’s family was not the only to make this decision; Charles Bullock became a mining deputy so that he would not have to go on strike again: Cora and Charles Bullock interview with Jamie Mackay, 23 March1992, OHInt-0020/13, OHC-ATL. Google Scholar

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