Labour History

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Footnotes

1.George Myconos, The Globalizations of Organized Labour: 1945–2005(:Palgrave Macmillan, 2005), 7. Google Scholar

2.Martin Upham, Trade Unions and Employers’ Organizations of the World(:Longman, 1993), 533–49. Google Scholar

3.Chris Rowley andJohn Benson, eds, Globalization and Labour in the Asia Pacific Region(:Frank Cass, 2000);S. Harford, “A Trans-Tasman Union Community: Growing Global Solidarity,” Labour History, no. 95(November2008):133–49;J. Price “Challenging APEC: The Asia Pacific Labour Network and APEC’s Human Resource Development Working Group,” Asia Pacific Business Review 6, no. 3–4(2000):34–53;K. Gajewska, “Varieties of Regional Economic Integration and Labor Internationalism: The Case of Japanese Trade Unions in Comparison,” Economic and Industrial Democracy 34, no. 2(2013):247–268;M. Park, “Trade Liberalization and Organized Labour in the Asia-Pacific Region: Barriers to Labour Internationalism,” Globalizations 11, no. 1(2014):71–81. Google Scholar

4.International Transport Workers Federation (ITF), Solidarity: The First 100 Years of the International Transport Workers’ Federation(:Pluto Press, 1996), 113. Google Scholar

5.Bruce Nelson, Workers on the Waterfront: Seamen, Longshoremen, and Unionism in the 1930s(:University of Illinois Press, 1988);Sam Davieset al., eds, Dock Workers: International Explorations in Comparative Labour History, 1790–1970, 2 vols(:Ashgate, 2000);Colin J. Davis, Waterfront Revolts: New York and London Dockworkers, 1946–61(:University of Illinois Press, 2003);Margo Beasley, Wharfies: The History of the Waterside Workers’ Federation(:Halstead Press in association with Australian National Maritime Museum, 1996);P. Cole, “No Ships Get Loaded: Political Boycotts on the San Francisco Bay and Durban Waterfronts,” International Review of Social History 58, no. 2(2013):185–217;Tom Sheridan, Australia’s Own Cold War: The Waterfront under Menzies(:Melbourne University Press, 2006);John S. Ahlquist andMargaret Levi, In the Interest of Others: Organizations and Social Activism(:Princeton University Press, 2013). Google Scholar

6.ITF, Solidarity, ch. 1. Google Scholar

7.Report on the Conditions of Dockworkers Covered by the International Longshoremen’s and Warehousemen’s Union, Waterside Workers Federation of Australia, Records, N114/585, Noel Butlin Archives of Business and Labour, Canberra (hereafter NBAC); J. Healy, Report to the First Pacific and Asian Dockworkers’ Conference, N114/585, NBAC;Howard Kimeldorf, Reds or Rackets: The Making of Radical and Conservative Unions on the Waterfront(:University of California Press, 1988), chs 1 and 6;Eugene Vrana, The ILWU Story: Six Decades of Militant Unionism(:International Longshoremen’s & Warehousemen’s Union, 1997), ch.“The New Union.” Google Scholar

8. Proceedings of the Thirteenth Biennial Convention of the International Longshoremen’s and Warehousemen’s Union(1959):59–70;Proceedings of the Fourteenth Biennial Convention of the International Longshoremen’s and Warehousemen’s Union(1961):19–25;Proceedings of the Fifteenth Biennial Convention of the International Longshoremen’s and Warehousemen’s Union(1963):70–75. Google Scholar

9.Nelson, Workers on the Waterfront, 258, 264, 270;Beasley, Wharfies, 140–41;Ahlquist andLevi, In the Interest of Others, 95–96;Sheridan, Australia’s Own Cold War, 69–74. Google Scholar

10.Anthony Carew, “A False Dawn: The World Federation of Trade Unions (1945–1949),”inThe International Confederation of Free Trade Unions, ed.Marcel van der Linden(:Peter Lang, 2000), 174. Google Scholar

11.Denis McShane, International Labour and the Origins of the Cold War(:Clarendon, 1992);Myconos, Globlisations of Organised Labour. Google Scholar

12.Charles P. Larrowe, Harry Bridges: The Rise and Fall of Radical Labor in the United States(:L. Hill, 1972), 329;Ahlquist andLevi, In the Interest of Others, 192–93. Google Scholar

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14.Sheridan, Australia’s Own Cold War, 83, 114–29;V. Williams, The Years of Big Jim(:Lone Hand Press, 1975), 122;Diane Kirkby andDmytro Ostapenko, “Pursuing Trade Union Internationalism: Australia’s Waterside Workers and the International Transport Workers Federation, c. 1950–70,” Labour History, no. 110(May2016):61. Google Scholar

15. Proceedings of the Thirteenth Biennial Convention, 95–100. Google Scholar

16.Sheridan, Australia’s Own Cold War, 69–70. Google Scholar

17.G. C. Allen, “Japan,”inTrade Unions in the Developed Economies, ed.Owen Smith(:Croom Helm, 1981), 73–78. Google Scholar

18. The Japanese Waterfront, N114/585, NBAC. Google Scholar

19. Ibid. Google Scholar

20.Letter of Tomitaro Kaneda, JDU President to ILWU, 24 May1958, ILWUA. Google Scholar

22.Alice H. Cook Japanese Trade Unionism(:Cornell University, 1966), 115–16, 128–29. Google Scholar

23.Zennihon Kouwan Roudou Kumiai, Kouwan Roudouhou Tousou shi: Touroku Hiyatoi Kouwan Roudousha 20 nen no Tatakai(:Zennihon Kouwan Roudou Kumiai, 1988), 63, 67, 76. Google Scholar

24. Ibid., 69; The Japanese Waterfront. Google Scholar

25.“Affiliated Organisations,” Report on Activities and Financial Report of the ITF for the Years 1938–46(:ITF), 12–16. Google Scholar

26.S. Mogi, Japanese Shipping and the Seamen’s Trade Union Movement(:ITF, 1931), 21, 24–25;J. F. Soares, “Japanese Seafarers and their Union,” International Transport Workers Journal, no. 5/6(1959), 56–62;Takao Matsumura, “Anglo-Japanese Trade Union Relations Between the Wars,”inThe History of Anglo-Japanese Relations, 1600–2000, vol. 5, Social and Cultural Perspectives, ed.G. Daniels andC. Tsuzuki(:Palgrave Macmillan, 2002), 265–67. Google Scholar

27.“Asian Transport Workers Conference,” International Transport Workers Journal, no. 11(1960):238–39. Google Scholar

28.“Problems of Regional Organization,” Report on Activities and Financial Report of the ITF for the Years of 1946 to 1948 and Proceedings of the ITF Congress, Oslo, Norway, 1948(:ITF), 33–35. Google Scholar

29.“Communist Activities in New Zealand,” Report on Activities of the ITF for the Years of 1950 to 1951 and Proceedings of the ITF Congress, Stockholm, 1952(:ITF), 64;“Relations with Affiliated Organisations,” Report on Activities and Financial Report of the ITF for the Years of 1948 to 1950(:ITF), 21–22;“Exclusion of the New Zealand Waterside Workers’ Union,” International Transport Workers Journal, no. 7/10(1950):54–55. Google Scholar

30.ITF, Solidarity, 111–12. Google Scholar

32.“Relations with Affiliated Organisations,” Report on Activities of the ITF for the Years of 1962 to 1964 and Proceedings of the ITF Congress, Copenhagen, 1965(:ITF), 43;“Regional Activities,” ibid, 74, 80. Google Scholar

33. Proceedings of the Fifteenth Biennial Convention, 181. Google Scholar

34.Nelson, Workers on the Waterfront, 66;Proceedings of the Fifteenth Biennial Convention, 182. Google Scholar

35.Nelson, Workers on the Waterfront, 66;Larrowe, Harry Bridges, 6.Ahlquist andLevi, In the Interest of Others, 99. Google Scholar

36.Bridges toHealy, 18 August1942, ILWUA. Google Scholar

37.Beasley, Wharfies, 111–20;Healy toBridges, 1 February1943, ILWUA. Google Scholar

38.Healy and Hill letter to Bridges, 1 June1945, ILWUA. Google Scholar

39.Bridges to Healy, 25 January1946, ILWUA;Bert Roth, Wharfie “from Hand Barrows to Straddles”: Unionism on the Auckland Waterfront(:Auckland Branch, New Zealand Waterfront Workers Union, 1993), 93–94. Google Scholar

40.Healy and Hill to Bridges, 9 June1947, ILWUA. Google Scholar

41.Bridges toHealy, 11 November1951, ILWUA;Healy toBridges, 3 January1953, ILWUA. Google Scholar

42.Robert B. Oram, Cargo Handling and the Modern Port(:Pergamon Press, 1965), 64–94;Herb Mills, “The San Francisco Waterfront: The Social Consequences of Industrial Modernisation,”inCase Studies on the Labor Process, ed.Andrew Zimbalist(:Monthly Review Press, 1979), 128–29, 133–39;Hartman, Collective Bargaining, 43–46. Google Scholar

43.Mills, “The San Francisco Waterfront,” 46–148;Australian Stevedoring Industry Authority, Report for the Year Ended 30th June1963, 22–23. Google Scholar

44.Hartman, Collective Bargaining, 45–46. Google Scholar

45.D. Hull, “Queensland Sugar Ports: Labour and Technological Change,” Journal of Australian Political Economy 6(1979), 60–72. Google Scholar

46.Healy toBridges, 8 May1958, ILWUA. Google Scholar

47.Goldblatt toKaneda, 30 July1958, ILWUA;Brigges toHealy, 18 September1958, ILWUA. Google Scholar

48.Items for All Pacific and Dockworkers’ Conference Supplied byH. Bridges, N114/585, NBAC. Google Scholar

49.Healy toBridges, 15 October1958, ILWUA. Google Scholar

50.Kaneda toGoldblatt, 30 August1958, ILWUA;Zennihon Kouwan Roudou Kumiai, Zenkouwan Undoushi, vol. 1(:Roudou Shunpousha, 1972), 212. Google Scholar

51.Bridges Address to Organising Unions, 3 December1958, ILWUA; Resolution on Pacific Area and Asian Longshore Conference, ILWU Executive Board Meeting, 2 and 3 December1958, ILWUA;Zennihon Kouwan Roudou Kumiai, Zenkouwan Undoushi, 211. Google Scholar

52.Iyengar, General Secretary of Madras Harbor Workers’ Union, to Bridges, 4 November1958, ILWUA; Harsono, Secretary of Indonesian Seamen and Dockworkers’ Union, to Bridges, 6 November1958, ILWUA. Google Scholar

53. Proceedings of the Thirteenth Biennial Convention, 338–39. Google Scholar

54. Solidarity Beyond Ocean: Report of the 1st All Pacific & Asian Dockworkers Conference, May 11–13, Tokyo, 1959(:All Pacific & Asian Dockworkers, 1959), 12–13. Google Scholar

55. Ibid., 13. Google Scholar

56. Ibid., 10–12; All-Japan Seamen’s Union, Dockers, You are watched! The Truth about the International Conference of Dockworkers, February1959, N114/585, NBAC. Google Scholar

58. Solidarity Beyond Ocean, 18–22;Zennihon Kouwan Roudou Kumiai, Zenkouwan Undoushi, 212–13. Google Scholar

59. Solidarity Beyond Ocean, 17. Google Scholar

60. Ibid., 23–38. Google Scholar

61.Healy, Report to the First Pacific and Asian Dockworkers’ Conference;Zennihon Kouwan Roudou Kumiai, Zenkouwan Undoushi, 213–17. Google Scholar

62.Draft of Understanding between Kaneda and Hall, 29 May1959, ILWUA; Healy to Kaneda, 12 June1959, N114/585, NBAC. Google Scholar

63.List of Unions to whichDCC Newsis Sent, ILWUA;Tomitaro Kaneda, “Report of All Pacific and Asian Dockworkers Corresponding Committee,” Report of the 2nd All Pacific and Asian Dockworkers Conference, Tokyo, 1961(All Pacific and Asian Dockworkers, 1961), 14–15. Google Scholar

64.Draft of Understanding between Kaneda and Hall, 29 May1959. Google Scholar

65.All Pacific and Asian Dockworkers Correspondence Committee News, 19 August1959, ILWUA. Google Scholar

66.Kaneda, “Report of All Pacific and Asian Dockworkers Corresponding Committee,” Report of the 2nd All Pacific and Asian Dockworkers Conference, 15. Google Scholar

67.DCC Appeal, 25 May1960, ILWUA. Google Scholar

68.Kaneda, “Report of All Pacific and Asian Dockworkers Corresponding Committee,” Report of the 2nd All Pacific and Asian Dockworkers Conference, 17. Google Scholar

69.Bridges toKaneda, 15 June1960, ILWUA. Google Scholar

70.Bridges toKaneda, 27 January1961, ILWUA. Google Scholar

71. Proceedings of the Thirteenth Biennial Convention, 386–88;Proceedings of the Fourteenth Biennial Convention, 487–88. Google Scholar

72.Statement of Policy on Asia-Pacific Conference, ILWU 14th Biennial Convention, 3–7 April1961, ILWUA. Google Scholar

73.Healy toBridges, 22 December1959, ILWUA. Google Scholar

74.Healy toKaneda, 9 March1960, 114/585, NBAC; Kaneda’s Address to Participating Unions, 20 October1960, 114/585, NBAC;Healy toKaneda, 17 October1960, 114/585, NBAC;Zennihon Kouwan Roudou Kumiai, Zenkouwan Undoushi, 217. Google Scholar

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76. Report of the 2nd All Pacific and Asian Dockworkers Conference, 168–69. Google Scholar

78. Report of the 2nd All Pacific and Asian Dockworkers Conference, 36–109. Google Scholar

81.Hall toKaneda, 12 September1961, ILWUA;Kaneda toHall, 8 January1962, ILWUA;Roch toKaneda, 3 November1961, N114/586, NBAC. Google Scholar

82.Hall toKaneda, 31 October1961, ILWUA. Emphasis in the original. Google Scholar

83.DCC Call to All the Dockers’ Organisations in the Pacific and Asian Region, 8 March1962, ILWUA. Google Scholar

84.Triennial Conference Meetings 8 March1962, N114/131, NBAC. Google Scholar

85.Bridges’ Address to All Longshore, Clerks and Walking Bosses Locals, 9 March1961, ILWUA. Google Scholar

86.“ILWU Aids in Japan Dock Fight,” Dispatcher, 6 April1962, 1, 8;“ILWU in BC Aids Japan Dock Fight,” Dispatcher, 4 May1962, 4. Google Scholar

87.“Historic Asia-Pacific Solidarity Action Day,” Maritime Worker, 4 April1962, 5. Google Scholar

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89.Tomitaro Kaneda, “Report of All Pacific and Asian Dockworkers Corresponding Committee,” Report and Resolutions of the 3rd All Pacific and Asian Dockworkers’ Conference, Djakarta: October 4–9, 1963(All Pacific and Asian Dockworkers, 1963), 18–17. Google Scholar

90.Roach toKaneda, 3 May1962, ILWUA. Google Scholar

91.Larrowe, Harry Bridges, 376–79;Ahlquist andLevi, In the Interest of Others, 105. Google Scholar

93. Ibid., 41–42. Google Scholar

94. Ibid., 72;Proceedings of the Fifteenth Biennial Convention, 182–97. Google Scholar

95. Proceedings of the Fifteenth Biennial Convention, 253–63. Google Scholar

96. Ibid., 514–15. Google Scholar

97.DCC Call to the Third All Pacific and Asian Dockworkers’ Conference, 31 August1963, 114/586, NBAC; Unions to Which “Call” was Sent, 114/586, NBAC. Google Scholar

98.“Delegates to the 3rd Conference,” Report and Resolutions of the 3rd All Pacific and Asian Dockworkers’ Conference, 2–3. Google Scholar

99.William Ward,James Herman andJack Hall, ILWU Delegates, Report on the Third All Pacific and Asian Dockworkers Conference, ILWUA; Address by A. S. K. Iyengar, General Secretary of Port, Dock and Waterfront Workers Federation of India to the Third Conference of Asian, 29 September1963, ILWUA. Google Scholar

100.Kaneda, “Report of All Pacific and Asian Dockworkers Corresponding Committee,” Report and Resolutions of the 3rd All Pacific and Asian Dockworkers’ Conference, 15–16. Google Scholar

101.Tang Chang, “Report of Chinese Delegations,” Report and Resolutions of the 3rd All Pacific and Asian Dockworkers’ Conference, 37–42;Ho Pil Man, “Report of Korean Delegation”, ibid., 64–70. Google Scholar

102.“Reports and Remarks by the Delegations,” ibid., 29–37, 42–63. Google Scholar

103.“Adopted Resolutions”, ibid., 71–87. Google Scholar

105.DCC Appeal for International Solidarity Actions, 1 March1964, ILWUA; DCC Appeal on International Action, February1965, ILWUA. Google Scholar

106.Report of the Activities of All Pacific and Asian Dockworkers Corresponding Committee, October1963–May1965, ILWUA. Google Scholar

107.Bridges toKaneda, 15 November1965, ILWUA. Google Scholar

108.Bridges toKaneda, 17 January1967, ILWUA;Kaneda toBridges, 7 February1967, ILWUA. Google Scholar

109.Bridges toKaneda, 10 February1967, ILWUA;Kaneda toBridges, 28 February1967, ILWUA. Google Scholar

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