Footnotes
1.George Myconos, The Globalizations of Organized Labour: 1945–2005(:Palgrave Macmillan, 2005), 7.
2.Martin Upham, Trade Unions and Employers’ Organizations of the World(:Longman, 1993), 533–49.
3.Chris Rowley andJohn Benson, eds, Globalization and Labour in the Asia Pacific Region(:Frank Cass, 2000);S. Harford, “A Trans-Tasman Union Community: Growing Global Solidarity,” Labour History, no. 95(November2008):133–49;J. Price
“Challenging APEC: The Asia Pacific Labour Network and APEC’s Human Resource Development Working Group,” Asia Pacific Business Review 6, no. 3–4(2000):34–53;K. Gajewska, “Varieties of Regional Economic Integration and Labor Internationalism: The Case of Japanese Trade Unions in Comparison,” Economic and Industrial Democracy 34, no. 2(2013):247–268;M. Park, “Trade Liberalization and Organized Labour in the Asia-Pacific Region: Barriers to Labour Internationalism,” Globalizations 11, no. 1(2014):71–81.
4.International Transport Workers Federation (ITF), Solidarity: The First 100 Years of the International Transport Workers’ Federation(:Pluto Press, 1996), 113.
5.Bruce Nelson, Workers on the Waterfront: Seamen, Longshoremen, and Unionism in the 1930s(:University of Illinois Press, 1988);Sam Davieset al., eds, Dock Workers: International Explorations in Comparative Labour History, 1790–1970, 2 vols(:Ashgate, 2000);Colin J. Davis, Waterfront Revolts: New York and London Dockworkers, 1946–61(:University of Illinois Press, 2003);Margo Beasley, Wharfies: The History of the Waterside Workers’ Federation(:Halstead Press in association with Australian National Maritime Museum, 1996);P. Cole, “No Ships Get Loaded: Political Boycotts on the San Francisco Bay and Durban Waterfronts,” International Review of Social History 58, no. 2(2013):185–217;Tom Sheridan, Australia’s Own Cold War: The Waterfront under Menzies(:Melbourne University Press, 2006);John S. Ahlquist andMargaret Levi, In the Interest of Others: Organizations and Social Activism(:Princeton University Press, 2013).
6.ITF, Solidarity, ch. 1.
7.Report on the Conditions of Dockworkers Covered by the International Longshoremen’s and Warehousemen’s Union, Waterside Workers Federation of Australia, Records, N114/585, Noel Butlin Archives of Business and Labour, Canberra (hereafter NBAC); J. Healy, Report to the First Pacific and Asian Dockworkers’ Conference, N114/585, NBAC;Howard Kimeldorf, Reds or Rackets: The Making of Radical and Conservative Unions on the Waterfront(:University of California Press, 1988), chs 1 and 6;Eugene Vrana, The ILWU Story: Six Decades of Militant Unionism(:International Longshoremen’s & Warehousemen’s Union, 1997), ch.“The New Union.”
8. Proceedings of the Thirteenth Biennial Convention of the International Longshoremen’s and Warehousemen’s Union(1959):59–70;Proceedings of the Fourteenth Biennial Convention of the International Longshoremen’s and Warehousemen’s Union(1961):19–25;Proceedings of the Fifteenth Biennial Convention of the International Longshoremen’s and Warehousemen’s Union(1963):70–75.
9.Nelson, Workers on the Waterfront, 258, 264, 270;Beasley, Wharfies, 140–41;Ahlquist andLevi, In the Interest of Others, 95–96;Sheridan, Australia’s Own Cold War, 69–74.
10.Anthony Carew, “A False Dawn: The World Federation of Trade Unions (1945–1949),”inThe International Confederation of Free Trade Unions, ed.Marcel van der Linden(:Peter Lang, 2000), 174.
11.Denis McShane, International Labour and the Origins of the Cold War(:Clarendon, 1992);Myconos, Globlisations of Organised Labour.
12.Charles P. Larrowe, Harry Bridges: The Rise and Fall of Radical Labor in the United States(:L. Hill, 1972), 329;Ahlquist andLevi, In the Interest of Others, 192–93.
13.M. Leviet al., “Union Democracy Reexamined,” Politics & Society 37, no. 2(2009):218–19.Eliot V. Elliott, SUA Secretary to Louis Goldblatt, ILWU Secretary-Treasurer, 24 January1950, Longshore Foreign Countries Subject File, International Longshoremen and Warehousemen Union Archives, San Francisco (hereafter ILWUA); Goldblatt to Elliott, 1 March1950, ILWUA.Paul T. Hartman, Collective Bargaining and Productivity: The Longshore Mechanization Agreement(:University of California Press, 1969), 22.
14.Sheridan, Australia’s Own Cold War, 83, 114–29;V. Williams, The Years of Big Jim(:Lone Hand Press, 1975), 122;Diane Kirkby andDmytro Ostapenko, “Pursuing Trade Union Internationalism: Australia’s Waterside Workers and the International Transport Workers Federation, c. 1950–70,” Labour History, no. 110(May2016):61.
15. Proceedings of the Thirteenth Biennial Convention, 95–100.
16.Sheridan, Australia’s Own Cold War, 69–70.
17.G. C. Allen, “Japan,”inTrade Unions in the Developed Economies, ed.Owen Smith(:Croom Helm, 1981), 73–78.
18. The Japanese Waterfront, N114/585, NBAC.
19. Ibid.
20.Letter of Tomitaro Kaneda, JDU President to ILWU, 24 May1958, ILWUA.
22.Alice H. Cook Japanese Trade Unionism(:Cornell University, 1966), 115–16, 128–29.
23.Zennihon Kouwan Roudou Kumiai, Kouwan Roudouhou Tousou shi: Touroku Hiyatoi Kouwan Roudousha 20 nen no Tatakai(:Zennihon Kouwan Roudou Kumiai, 1988), 63, 67, 76.
24. Ibid., 69; The Japanese Waterfront.
25.“Affiliated Organisations,” Report on Activities and Financial Report of the ITF for the Years 1938–46(:ITF), 12–16.
26.S. Mogi, Japanese Shipping and the Seamen’s Trade Union Movement(:ITF, 1931), 21, 24–25;J. F. Soares, “Japanese Seafarers and their Union,” International Transport Workers Journal, no. 5/6(1959), 56–62;Takao Matsumura, “Anglo-Japanese Trade Union Relations Between the Wars,”inThe History of Anglo-Japanese Relations, 1600–2000, vol. 5, Social and Cultural Perspectives, ed.G. Daniels andC. Tsuzuki(:Palgrave Macmillan, 2002), 265–67.
27.“Asian Transport Workers Conference,” International Transport Workers Journal, no. 11(1960):238–39.
28.“Problems of Regional Organization,” Report on Activities and Financial Report of the ITF for the Years of 1946 to 1948 and Proceedings of the ITF Congress, Oslo, Norway, 1948(:ITF), 33–35.
29.“Communist Activities in New Zealand,” Report on Activities of the ITF for the Years of 1950 to 1951 and Proceedings of the ITF Congress, Stockholm, 1952(:ITF), 64;“Relations with Affiliated Organisations,” Report on Activities and Financial Report of the ITF for the Years of 1948 to 1950(:ITF), 21–22;“Exclusion of the New Zealand Waterside Workers’ Union,” International Transport Workers Journal, no. 7/10(1950):54–55.
30.ITF, Solidarity, 111–12.
32.“Relations with Affiliated Organisations,” Report on Activities of the ITF for the Years of 1962 to 1964 and Proceedings of the ITF Congress, Copenhagen, 1965(:ITF), 43;“Regional Activities,” ibid, 74, 80.
33. Proceedings of the Fifteenth Biennial Convention, 181.
34.Nelson, Workers on the Waterfront, 66;Proceedings of the Fifteenth Biennial Convention, 182.
35.Nelson, Workers on the Waterfront, 66;Larrowe, Harry Bridges, 6.Ahlquist andLevi, In the Interest of Others, 99.
36.Bridges toHealy, 18 August1942, ILWUA.
37.Beasley, Wharfies, 111–20;Healy toBridges, 1 February1943, ILWUA.
38.Healy and Hill letter to Bridges, 1 June1945, ILWUA.
39.Bridges to Healy, 25 January1946, ILWUA;Bert Roth, Wharfie “from Hand Barrows to Straddles”: Unionism on the Auckland Waterfront(:Auckland Branch, New Zealand Waterfront Workers Union, 1993), 93–94.
40.Healy and Hill to Bridges, 9 June1947, ILWUA.
41.Bridges toHealy, 11 November1951, ILWUA;Healy toBridges, 3 January1953, ILWUA.
42.Robert B. Oram, Cargo Handling and the Modern Port(:Pergamon Press, 1965), 64–94;Herb Mills, “The San Francisco Waterfront: The Social Consequences of Industrial Modernisation,”inCase Studies on the Labor Process, ed.Andrew Zimbalist(:Monthly Review Press, 1979), 128–29, 133–39;Hartman, Collective Bargaining, 43–46.
43.Mills, “The San Francisco Waterfront,” 46–148;Australian Stevedoring Industry Authority, Report for the Year Ended 30th June1963, 22–23.
44.Hartman, Collective Bargaining, 45–46.
45.D. Hull, “Queensland Sugar Ports: Labour and Technological Change,” Journal of Australian Political Economy 6(1979), 60–72.
46.Healy toBridges, 8 May1958, ILWUA.
47.Goldblatt toKaneda, 30 July1958, ILWUA;Brigges toHealy, 18 September1958, ILWUA.
48.Items for All Pacific and Dockworkers’ Conference Supplied byH. Bridges, N114/585, NBAC.
49.Healy toBridges, 15 October1958, ILWUA.
50.Kaneda toGoldblatt, 30 August1958, ILWUA;Zennihon Kouwan Roudou Kumiai, Zenkouwan Undoushi, vol. 1(:Roudou Shunpousha, 1972), 212.
51.Bridges Address to Organising Unions, 3 December1958, ILWUA; Resolution on Pacific Area and Asian Longshore Conference, ILWU Executive Board Meeting, 2 and 3 December1958, ILWUA;Zennihon Kouwan Roudou Kumiai, Zenkouwan Undoushi, 211.
52.Iyengar, General Secretary of Madras Harbor Workers’ Union, to Bridges, 4 November1958, ILWUA; Harsono, Secretary of Indonesian Seamen and Dockworkers’ Union, to Bridges, 6 November1958, ILWUA.
53. Proceedings of the Thirteenth Biennial Convention, 338–39.
54. Solidarity Beyond Ocean: Report of the 1st All Pacific & Asian Dockworkers Conference, May 11–13, Tokyo, 1959(:All Pacific & Asian Dockworkers, 1959), 12–13.
55. Ibid., 13.
56. Ibid., 10–12; All-Japan Seamen’s Union, Dockers, You are watched! The Truth about the International Conference of Dockworkers, February1959, N114/585, NBAC.
58. Solidarity Beyond Ocean, 18–22;Zennihon Kouwan Roudou Kumiai, Zenkouwan Undoushi, 212–13.
59. Solidarity Beyond Ocean, 17.
60. Ibid., 23–38.
61.Healy, Report to the First Pacific and Asian Dockworkers’ Conference;Zennihon Kouwan Roudou Kumiai, Zenkouwan Undoushi, 213–17.
62.Draft of Understanding between Kaneda and Hall, 29 May1959, ILWUA; Healy to Kaneda, 12 June1959, N114/585, NBAC.
63.List of Unions to whichDCC Newsis Sent, ILWUA;Tomitaro Kaneda, “Report of All Pacific and Asian Dockworkers Corresponding Committee,” Report of the 2nd All Pacific and Asian Dockworkers Conference, Tokyo, 1961(All Pacific and Asian Dockworkers, 1961), 14–15.
64.Draft of Understanding between Kaneda and Hall, 29 May1959.
65.All Pacific and Asian Dockworkers Correspondence Committee News, 19 August1959, ILWUA.
66.Kaneda, “Report of All Pacific and Asian Dockworkers Corresponding Committee,” Report of the 2nd All Pacific and Asian Dockworkers Conference, 15.
67.DCC Appeal, 25 May1960, ILWUA.
68.Kaneda, “Report of All Pacific and Asian Dockworkers Corresponding Committee,” Report of the 2nd All Pacific and Asian Dockworkers Conference, 17.
69.Bridges toKaneda, 15 June1960, ILWUA.
70.Bridges toKaneda, 27 January1961, ILWUA.
71. Proceedings of the Thirteenth Biennial Convention, 386–88;Proceedings of the Fourteenth Biennial Convention, 487–88.
72.Statement of Policy on Asia-Pacific Conference, ILWU 14th Biennial Convention, 3–7 April1961, ILWUA.
73.Healy toBridges, 22 December1959, ILWUA.
74.Healy toKaneda, 9 March1960, 114/585, NBAC; Kaneda’s Address to Participating Unions, 20 October1960, 114/585, NBAC;Healy toKaneda, 17 October1960, 114/585, NBAC;Zennihon Kouwan Roudou Kumiai, Zenkouwan Undoushi, 217.
75. Report of the 2nd All Pacific and Asian Dockworkers Conference, 8.
76. Report of the 2nd All Pacific and Asian Dockworkers Conference, 168–69.
78. Report of the 2nd All Pacific and Asian Dockworkers Conference, 36–109.
81.Hall toKaneda, 12 September1961, ILWUA;Kaneda toHall, 8 January1962, ILWUA;Roch toKaneda, 3 November1961, N114/586, NBAC.
82.Hall toKaneda, 31 October1961, ILWUA. Emphasis in the original.
83.DCC Call to All the Dockers’ Organisations in the Pacific and Asian Region, 8 March1962, ILWUA.
84.Triennial Conference Meetings 8 March1962, N114/131, NBAC.
85.Bridges’ Address to All Longshore, Clerks and Walking Bosses Locals, 9 March1961, ILWUA.
86.“ILWU Aids in Japan Dock Fight,” Dispatcher, 6 April1962, 1, 8;“ILWU in BC Aids Japan Dock Fight,” Dispatcher, 4 May1962, 4.
87.“Historic Asia-Pacific Solidarity Action Day,” Maritime Worker, 4 April1962, 5.
88.“Pacific-Wide Wharf Hold-Up,” Sydney Morning Herald, 27 March1962, 2.“5,000 Wharf Men in Four-Hour Stoppage Today,” Sydney Morning Herald, 28 March1962, 8.
89.Tomitaro Kaneda, “Report of All Pacific and Asian Dockworkers Corresponding Committee,” Report and Resolutions of the 3rd All Pacific and Asian Dockworkers’ Conference, Djakarta: October 4–9, 1963(All Pacific and Asian Dockworkers, 1963), 18–17.
90.Roach toKaneda, 3 May1962, ILWUA.
91.Larrowe, Harry Bridges, 376–79;Ahlquist andLevi, In the Interest of Others, 105.
93. Ibid., 41–42.
94. Ibid., 72;Proceedings of the Fifteenth Biennial Convention, 182–97.
95. Proceedings of the Fifteenth Biennial Convention, 253–63.
96. Ibid., 514–15.
97.DCC Call to the Third All Pacific and Asian Dockworkers’ Conference, 31 August1963, 114/586, NBAC; Unions to Which “Call” was Sent, 114/586, NBAC.
98.“Delegates to the 3rd Conference,” Report and Resolutions of the 3rd All Pacific and Asian Dockworkers’ Conference, 2–3.
99.William Ward,James Herman andJack Hall, ILWU Delegates, Report on the Third All Pacific and Asian Dockworkers Conference, ILWUA; Address by A. S. K. Iyengar, General Secretary of Port, Dock and Waterfront Workers Federation of India to the Third Conference of Asian, 29 September1963, ILWUA.
100.Kaneda, “Report of All Pacific and Asian Dockworkers Corresponding Committee,” Report and Resolutions of the 3rd All Pacific and Asian Dockworkers’ Conference, 15–16.
101.Tang Chang, “Report of Chinese Delegations,” Report and Resolutions of the 3rd All Pacific and Asian Dockworkers’ Conference, 37–42;Ho Pil Man, “Report of Korean Delegation”, ibid., 64–70.
102.“Reports and Remarks by the Delegations,” ibid., 29–37, 42–63.
103.“Adopted Resolutions”, ibid., 71–87.
105.DCC Appeal for International Solidarity Actions, 1 March1964, ILWUA; DCC Appeal on International Action, February1965, ILWUA.
106.Report of the Activities of All Pacific and Asian Dockworkers Corresponding Committee, October1963–May1965, ILWUA.
107.Bridges toKaneda, 15 November1965, ILWUA.
108.Bridges toKaneda, 17 January1967, ILWUA;Kaneda toBridges, 7 February1967, ILWUA.
109.Bridges toKaneda, 10 February1967, ILWUA;Kaneda toBridges, 28 February1967, ILWUA.
110.Kaneda toBridges, 23 October1965, ILWUA.
111.Bridges toKaneda, 15 November1965, ILWUA.
112.Fitzgibbon, Bridges andShein toKaneda, 20 September1967, ILWUA;Bridges toKaneda, 2 November1967, ILWUA;Zennihon Kouwan Roudou Kumiai, Zenkouwan Undoushi, 224.
113.Kaneda toBridges, 11 December1967, ILWUA.