Labour History

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Footnotes

1.The Bertrand Russell Peace Foundation, “European Nuclear Disarmament: An Appeal for Action,” Security Dialogue 11, no. 2(1980):110. Google Scholar

2.On END generally, see the extremely informative work ofPatrick D. M. Burke, “European Nuclear Disarmament: A Study of Transnational Social Movement Strategy”(PhD diss.,University of Westminster, 2004); alsoPatrick D. M. Burke, “‘We Envisage a European-Wide Campaign in which Every Kind of Exchange Takes Place’: European Nuclear Disarmament in the West European Peace Movements of the 1980s,”inAccidental Armageddons: Nuclear Threats, Nuclear Fears and the Cold War of the 1980s, ed.Eckart Conze,Martin Klimke andJeremy Varon(:Cambridge University Press, forthcoming). Google Scholar

3.E. P. Thompson andDan Smith, Protest and Survive(:Monthly Review Press, 1981);Mary Kaldor andDan Smith, Disarmament Europe(:Merlin Press, 1982). Google Scholar

4.John Sandford, “Mutual (Mis-)Perceptions: The GDR and the British Peace Movement in the 1980s,”inBritain and the GDR: Relations and Perceptions in a Divided World, ed.Arnd Bauerkämper(:Philo, 2002), 355; see alsoBruce Kent, Undiscovered Ends: An Autobiography(:Harper Collins, 1992), 168–69. Google Scholar

5.L. Wittner, The Struggle against the Bomb, vol. 3, Toward Nuclear Abolition: A History of the World Nuclear Disarmament Movement, 1971 to the Present(:Stanford University Press, 2003), 138. Google Scholar

6.Paul Byrne, The Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament(:Croom Helm, 1988);Oliver Buchholz, “Ban the Bomb”: Pacificism and the Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament(:Grin Verlag, 2001);April Carter, Peace Movements: International Protest and World Politics since 1945(:Routledge, 1992). Google Scholar

7.Laura Fasanaro, “Neither in One Block nor in the Other: Enrico Berlinguer’s Vision of the End of the Cold War,”inVisions of the End of the Cold War in Europe 1945–1990, ed.Frédéric Bozoet al.(:Berghahn, 2012), 163–76, esp. 165. Google Scholar

8.On Russell, seeJohn Callaghan, “Bertrand Russell: The Committed Sceptic in Public Life,” Moving the Social: Journal of Social History and the History of Social Movements 51(2014):239–62. Google Scholar

9.John Palmer, “Ken Coates Obituary,” Guardian, 30 June2010, accessed August 2016,http://www.theguardian.com/politics/2010/jun/29/ken-coates-obituary; see alsoKen Coates, The Most Dangerous Decade: World Militarism and the New Non-Aligned Peace Movement(:Spokesman, 1984). Google Scholar

10.Richard Taylor, “Thompson and the Peace Movement: From CND in the 1950s and 1960s to END in the 1980s,”inE. P. Thompson and English Radicalism, ed.Roger Fieldhouse andRichard Taylor(:Manchester University Press, 2013), 181–201. A large number of Stasi documents provide highly ideologically constructed interpretations of Thompson’s role and theoretical influence in END and draw on material supplied by the Czech and Soviet intelligence services; see the dossier of information, CND/END, file 854, series HA XX, Stasi Archive, Ministerium für Staatssicherheit, Berlin. Google Scholar

11.For a detailed discussion of the convention process, seeJohn Sandford, “The GDR and the British Peace Movement in the 1980s,”inThe Other Germany: Perceptions and Influences in British-East-German Relations, ed.Stefan Berger andNorman LaPorte(:Philo, 2005), 159–71. Google Scholar

12.Olav Njolstadt, ed., The Last Decade of the Cold War: From Conflict Escalation to Conflict Transformation(:Frank Cass, 2004). Google Scholar

13.Darren Lilleker, Against the Cold War: The History and Political Traditions of Pro-Sovietism in the British Labour Party 1945–1989(:I. B. Tauris, 2004);Jonathan Schneer, Labour’s Conscience: The Labour Left 1945–1950(:Unwin Hyman:1988). Google Scholar

14.Edward P. Thompson, “Socialist Humanism,” The New Reasoner, no. 1(summer1957):105–43. Google Scholar

15.On the brief flowering of the Fife Socialist League, seeChristos Efstathiou, “E. P. Thompson, the Early New Left and the Fife Socialist League,” Labour History Review 81, no. 1(2016):25–48. Google Scholar

16.Peter Worsley, withDorothy Thompson andStuart Hall, “The New Reasoner: Introduction,”April2006, Amiel Melburn Trust Internet Archive, accessed September 2016,http://banmarchive.org.uk/collections/nr/index_frame.htm. Google Scholar

17.A cursory glance at key publications of END, including the ones by Thompson, Kaldor and Smith cited above and the journal of the Bertrand Russell Peace Foundation in the early 1980s, all confirm this impression that END was built on the idea of equidistance from the two superpowers. Equidistance is also an underlying motif inEdward P. Thompson, Beyond the Cold War: A New Approach to the Arms Race and Nuclear Annihilation(:Pantheon, 1982). Google Scholar

18.Edward P. Thompson, The Poverty of Theory and Other Essays(:Monthly Review Press, 1978), 265. Google Scholar

19.Edward P. Thompson, Exterminism and the Cold War(:NLB, 1982), 17–21. Google Scholar

20.Bruce Kent, For CND International Committee: A Personal View [of the] Perugia Convention END, 17–21 July1984, 1 August1984, International Committee, 1982–84, 1/5, CND Additions, London School of Economics (LSE) Archive, London. Google Scholar

21.Franco Perna, Friends’ World Committee for Consultation, European and Near East Section, Limited Circulation, Third END Convention, Perugia, Italy, 17–21 July1984, 23 July1984, DZ 9/649/3003, 1–2, 2, SAPMO- Bundesarchiv (hereafter SAPMO-BArch), Berlin. The Quakers continued their good relations with the GDR, with Horst Brasch remaining in contact with Peter Jayman in the mid-1980s and Quaker youth groups travelling to the GDR. See Horst Brasch, Bericht über den Aufenthalt einer Abordnung der LfV, DZ 9/649/3003, 1–2, 2, SAPMO-BArch. Google Scholar

22.Holger Nehring, “Creating Security from Below: Peace Movements in East and West Germany in the 1980s,”inThe 1989 Revolutions in Central and Eastern Europe: From Communism to Pluralism, ed.Kevin McDermott andMatthew Stibbe(:Manchester University Press, 2014), 136–53. Google Scholar

23.Anthony Glees, The Stasi Files: East Germany’s Secret Operations against Britain(:Free Press, 2004). Google Scholar

24.Bruce Kent, interview with authors, 11 July2002. On Kent’s tactic of lobbying the United Nations, seeKent, Undiscovered Ends, 175–76. Google Scholar

26.Kent, interview. Google Scholar

27. Ibid.This is confirmed by the documentation in file 854, series HA XX, Stasi Archive. Google Scholar

28.Hausmitteilung Feist an Axen, 3 December1984, 316, file 854, series HA XX, Stasi Archive. Google Scholar

29.Gespräche Kent mit dem Friedensrat, Mai1983, 145, file 854, series HA XX, Stasi Archive. Google Scholar

30.Günter Bräuer, Bereich Arbeit in der DDR, Information überBruce Kents Marsch “One World Walk,”10 August1988, 189, file 854, series HA XX, Stasi Archive. Google Scholar

31.Bruce Kent, “Into the Security-Conscious Frontline,” Guardian, 1 August1988;Bruce Kent, “Reflections in the Distorting Mirror of Propaganda,” Guardian, 8 August1988. Google Scholar

32.Schultz, Aufenthalt einer Delegation des Friedensrats in Großbritannien, September1986, 365, file 854, series HA XX, Stasi Archive. Google Scholar

33.Information über den Aufenthalt der Delegation der Londoner Regionalgruppe der Kampagne für Nukleare Abrüstung, London Region CND, Großbritannien, vom 13–18 December1988, 6 February1989, 2–5, file 854, series HA XX, Stasi Archive. Google Scholar

35.Delegation Labour Action for Peace, February1987, 214–24, file 854, series HA XX, Stasi Archive; Information über das Gespräch mit der Delegation der Labour Action for Peace am 12 Oktober1984im Berliner Rathaus, 15 October1984, 2, file 246, series C Rep 122, Landesarchiv Berlin. Google Scholar

36.Wittner, Toward Nuclear Abolition, 276. Google Scholar

37. Ibid., 137. Google Scholar

39.Gerhard Jordan, “European Nuclear Disarmament: Der ‚END-Prozeß’ und sein Beitrag zum Ost-West-Dialog der unabhängigen Friedensbewegungen Europas in den 80er-Jahren”(Diploma thesis,University of Vienna, 1997). Google Scholar

40.Jane Mayes[1984], International Committee, 1982–84, 1/5, CND Additions, LSE Archive. Google Scholar

41.Letter from Ken Coates to the authors, 2 May2003. Google Scholar

42.Operative Auskunft zur britischen Organisation, European Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament, END, [December1985], 208–14, file 854, series HA XX, Stasi Archive. Google Scholar

43.Kacper Szulecki, “Hijacked Ideas: Human Rights, Peace and Environmentalism in Czechoslovak and Polish Dissident Discourses,” East European Politics and Society 25, no. 2(2011):272–95. Google Scholar

44.Hans-Georg Golz, “Von East Germany zur DDR. DDR-Forschung in Grossbritannien vor 1990,” Deutschland Archiv 36, no. 1(2003):22 f. Google Scholar

45.Saskia Richter, Die Aktivistin: das Leben der Petra Kelly(:Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt, 2010). Google Scholar

46.Sandford, email interview with the authors, November2004; Kelly was a co-initiator of the Bertrand Russell Campaign for a Nuclear-Free Europe and of the Krefelder Appell against the stationing of Pershing II missiles in Europe. The Krefeld Forums were among the most prominent peace forums in Germany during the early 1980s. On GDR studies see also Ian Wallace“GDR Studies in Great Britain,” East Central Europe 14/15(1987/88):17–30;John Theobald, “Cutting the Barbed Wire of Prejudice,” Journal of Area Studies 9(1984):7–10. Google Scholar

47.Sandford, “Mutual (Mis-)Perceptions,” 362–64. Google Scholar

48.Paul Oestreicher, interview with authors, 15 August 2000. From a perspective highly critical of Einhorn and END, seeGlees, Stasi Files, 323f. Einhorn’s and Sandford’s ripostes to Glees can be found in“From a GDR Prison to a Cold War of Words,” Times Higher Education Supplement, 6 January2006, and“Scholar Bites Back at Stasi Innuendo,” Times Higher Education Supplement, 4 November2006. The events surrounding Einhorn’s arrest are summarised in an untitled Stasi document, 261–64, file 854, series HA XX, Stasi Archive. Google Scholar

49.Thomas Klein, Frieden und Gerechtitkeit’: Die Politisierung der Unabhängigen Friedensbewegung in Ostberlin während der 1980er Jahre(:Böhlau, 2007). Google Scholar

51.Information:Aktivitäten der britischen “Kampagne für nukleare Abrüstung, Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament, CND, im Sinne der blockübergreifenden Friedensbewegung[1985], 6f, file 18570, series HA II, Stasi Archive. Google Scholar

54.Their reports to the Stasi are contained in files AKG II and 854, series HA XX, Stasi Archive. Also see,Glees, Stasi Files, 268–69. Google Scholar

56.Letter fromWerner Rümpel toBruce Kent, 24 November1982, DZ 9/150/A 746, SAPMO-BArch. Google Scholar

57.Letter fromGünter Drefahl toDear Friends[Greenham Common], 1 December1982, DZ 9/150/A 746, SAPMO-BArch; Letter from Günter Drefahl to Bruce Kent, 24 August1981, DZ 9/406/2179, SAPMO-BArch. Google Scholar

58.Protokoll Nr. 9/1987 der Sitzung des Sekretariats des Bundesvorstandes des DFD vom 26 May1987, 130–31, DY 31/484, SAPMO-BArch; Bundesvorstand des DFD, Sekretariat. Einschätzung der internationalen Arbeit des Bundesvorstandes und der Bezirksvorstände des DFD im Jahre 1987, 39–54, DY 31/484, SAPMO-BArch. The DFB had haphazard and intermittent contact with a variety of British women’s organisations from the 1970s onwards, but it never appeared to have sought to develop these contacts in a more systematic way. Google Scholar

59.Oestreicher, interview. Google Scholar

60.John Sandford, Sword and the Ploughshare: Autonomous Peace Initiatives in East Germany(:Merlin Press, 1983), 77. Google Scholar

61.There he had extensive contacts with dissident peace activists, under the watchful eye of the Stasi. See Information zur Durchdringung der britischen Kampagne für Nukleare Abrüstung (CND) von Führungskräften der END, 25 November1985, 216, file 854, series HA XX, Stasi Archive. Google Scholar

63. “Final Act of the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe, Aug. 1, 1975, 14 I.L.M. 1292 (Helsinki Declaration),” Human Rights Library, University of Minnesota, accessed August 2016,http://hrlibrary.umn.edu/osce/basics/finact75.htm. Google Scholar

64.The group had built up contacts with Western peace movements over the last five years. It was the first autonomous group to come out from under the protective umbrella offered by the churches; see,W. Templin andR. Weißhuhn, “Die Initiative Frieden und Menschenrechte,”inOpposition in der DDR von den 70er Jahren bis zum Zusammenbruch der SED-Herrschaft.ed.Eberhard Kuhrt(:Leske, 1999), 171–211. Google Scholar

66.Information von VIC ALLEN, Soziologie Professor an der Universität Leeds, 1 February1985, 3, file AKG II, series HA XX, Stasi Archive. Google Scholar

67. Ibid.On Allen, see alsoGlees, Stasi Files, 251 f., 268 f. Google Scholar

68.On the ongoing problems caused by this weakness of civil society in Eastern Europe, seeMarc Morjé Howard, The Weakness of Civil Society in Post-Communist Europe(:Cambridge University Press, 2003). Google Scholar

69.Günter Wernicke, “The Communist-Led World Peace Council and Western Peace Movements,” Peace and Change 23, no. 3(1998):265–311. Google Scholar