Footnotes
*The authors would like to thank Labour History’s two anonymous referees as well as the Berkeley Historical Society and the Bancroft Library at the University of California, Berkeley.
1.Kurt Wetzel and Daniel Gallagher, “A Conceptual Analysis of Labour Relations in Cooperatives,” Economic and Industrial Democracy 8, no. 4 (1987): 517.
2.Swamp Monster Speaks, July 1979, 1, Richard Neil Lerner papers, BANC MSS 94/220, Box 1, File 1:16, courtesy of the Bancroft Library, University of California, Berkeley.
3.Marina Monaco and Luca Pastorelli, “Trade Unions and Worker Cooperatives in Europe: A Win-Win Relationship: Maximizing Social and Economic Potential in Worker Cooperatives,” International Labor Movement Meeting Document, 3, accessed April 2017, http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/—ed_dialogue/—actrav/documents/meetingdocument/wcms_234169.pdf.
4.Wetzel and Gallagher, “A Conceptual Analysis of Labour Relations in Cooperatives,” 524.
5.Johnston Birchall, People-Centred Businesses: Co-operatives, Mutuals and the Idea of Membership (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2011), 4.
6.Birchall, People-Centred Businesses, 8–9.
7.Patrizia Battilani and Harm Schröter, “Introduction: Principal Problems and General Development of Co-operative Enterprise,” in The Co-operative Business Movement, 1950 to the Present, ed. Patrizia Battilani and Harm Schröter (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2012), 1–6.
8.Wetzel and Gallagher, “A Conceptual Analysis of Labour Relations,” 519.
9.Birchall, People-Centred Businesses, ch. 3.
10.Ray Markey, Nikola Balnave and Greg Patmore, “Worker Directors and Worker Ownership/Cooperatives,” in Oxford Handbook of Participation in Organisations, ed. Adrian Wilkinson, Paul Gollan, Mick Marchington and David Lewin (Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 2010), 249.
11.John Wilson J., Anthony Webster and Rachael Vorberg-Rugh, Building Co-operation: A Business History of the Co-operative Group, 1863–2013 (Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 2013), 44.
12.Nikola Balnave and Greg Patmore, “The Politics of Consumption and Co-operation: An Overview,” Labour History, no. 91 (November 2006): 4.
13.Rachael Vorberg-Rugh, “Employers and Workers: Conflicting Identities over Women’s Wages in the Co-operative Movement, 1906–18,” in Consumerism and the Co-operative Movement in Modern British History: Taking Stock, ed. Lawrence Black and Nicole Robertson (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2009), 121–37.
14.Mary Hilson, “Consumers and Politics: The Cooperative Movement in Plymouth 1890–1920,” Labour History Review 67, no. 1 (2002): 7–27.
15.Wetzel and Gallagher, “A Conceptual Analysis of Labour Relations in Cooperatives,” 517–40.
16.Nikola Balnave and Greg Patmore, “Localism and Rochdale Co-operation: The Junee District Co-operative Society,” Labour History, no. 91 (November 2006): 61.
17.A. M. Carr-Saunders, P. Sargent Florence and Robert Peers, Consumers’ Co-operation in Great Britain: An Examination of the British Co-operative Movement, 3rd ed. (London, UK: George Allen and Unwin, 1940), 88–91.
18.Bruce Black, “Final Years,” unpublished typescript, BANC MSS 90/140c, Carton 36, Folder 34, Consumers Co-operative of Berkeley papers, courtesy of the Bancroft Library, University of California, Berkeley; Memo from Lisa Van Dusen to Management Team, December 1984, BANC MSS 90/140 c, Carton 18, Folder 39, Consumers Co-operative of Berkeley papers; Memo from Nancy Snow to Jeff Voltz, 27 August 1987, BANC MSS 90/140c, Carton 18, Folder 49, Consumers Co-operative of Berkeley papers; John Curl, For All the People: Uncovering the Hidden History of Co-operation, Co-operative Movements and Communalism in America (Oakland, USA: PM Press, 2009), 199–203.
19.Wetzel and Gallagher, “A Conceptual Analysis of Labour Relations,” 519–21.
20.Beatrice Potter, The Co-operative Movement in Great Britain (London, UK: Swann Sonnenschein, 1891), 239.
21.Consumers Co-operative of Berkeley, Board of Directors Meeting, 5 March 1987, BANC MSS 90/140 c, Carton 36, Folder 33, Consumers Co-operative of Berkeley papers; Co-op News (Berkeley), 10 January 1983, 1; 15 April 1987, 3.
22.Carr-Saunders, Sargent Florence and Peers, Consumers’ Co-operation in Great Britain, 350–56; Hilson, “Consumers and Politics,” 12; Peter Warbasse, What is Co-operation? (New York: Vanguard Press, 1927), 75–81.
23.Common Cause, 23 March 1940, 4; 13 April 1940, 5; Ian Macpherson, Each for All: A History of the Co-operative Movement in English Canada, 1900–1945 (Toronto: Macmillan, 1979), 82; Nicole Robertson, The Co-operative Movement and Communities in Britain, 1914–1960 (Farnham, UK: Ashgate, 2010), 202.
24.The Co-operative News (Sydney), 1 April 1940, 3.
25.Co-op News (Berkeley), March 1962, 4; Curl, For All the People, 149–50, 197–99; Dana Frank, Purchasing Power: Consumer Organizing, Gender and the Seattle Labor Movement, 1919–1929 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994): 145; Memorandum from Departmental Heads at Shattuck Avenue Co-op to Members of the Membership and Consumer Protection Committee, 27 April 1988, BANC MSS 90/140 c, Carton 20, Folder 23, Consumers Co-operative of Berkeley papers; The Dispatcher (San Francisco), 1 June 1962, 1.
26.American Federation of Labor (AFL), An Idea Worth Hundreds of Dollars (Washington, DC: American Federation of Labor, 1937); AFL, Report of Proceedings of the Thirty-Seventh Annual Convention held at Buffalo, New York, November 12 to 24, inclusive 1917, 308–10; AFL, Report of Proceedings of the Thirty-Eighth Annual Convention held at St. Paul, Minnesota June 10 to 20, inclusive 1918, 132; AFL, Report of Proceedings of the Fortieth Convention held at Montreal, Quebec, Canada June 7th to 19th, inclusive 1920, 176–80; AFL, Report of Proceedings of the Fifty-Sixth Annual Convention held at Tampa, Florida November 16 to 27, inclusive 1936, 159–60, 554–56; American Federationist (Washington), August 1937, 851–57.
27.Carr-Saunders, Sargent Florence and Peers, Consumers’ Co-operation in Great Britain, 355; Warbasse, What is Co-operation, 135–37.
28.Hugh Clegg, A History of British Trade Unions since 1889, Volume 2, 1911–1933 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1985), 198–99; Vorberg-Rugh, “Employers and Workers,” 122–23, 130.
29.Consumers Co-operative of Berkeley, “Volunteer Skills Bank Member Record,” August 1982, BANC MSS 90/140 c, Carton 19, Folder 42, Consumers Co-operative of Berkeley papers; Consumers Co-operative of Berkeley, Volunteer Contract, BANC MSS 90/140 c, Carton 20, Folder 3, Consumers Co-operative of Berkeley papers; Co-op News (Berkeley), 19 January 1981, 10; Interview by Greg Patmore with Sam Byrne, a former Alfalfa House councillor, Sydney, 6 May 2013; Letter from Robert Neptune to W. J. Campbell, 20 February 1937, CLUSA, Box 111, Local and Regional Co-operatives, Associated Co-operatives, Truman Presidential Library and Archives, Independence, Missouri, USA; Rita Rhodes, An Arsenal for Labour: The Royal Arsenal Co-operative Society and Politics 1896–1996 (Manchester, UK: Holyoake Books, 1998), 6.
30.Balnave and Patmore, “Localism and Rochdale Co-operation,” 62–63; Barossa Community Co-op Store Committee of Management minutes, 18 February 1976, 29 April 1976, 16 March 1977, 18 July 1979, 15 August 1979, 17 October 1979, 21 November 1979, special meeting, 31 July 1979, Barossa Co-op office, Nuriootpa, South Australia; Consumers Co-operative of Berkeley, Executive Session of Board of Directors Meeting, 11 April 1988, BANC MSS 90/140c, Carton 29, Folder 33, Consumers Co-operative of Berkeley papers; Letter from Stephen Rodriguez to Bruce Miller, 28 October 1987, BANC MSS 90/140c, Carton 36, Folder 6, Consumers Co-operative of Berkeley papers.
31.Interview by Greg Patmore with Adolph Kamil, Berkeley Co-operative employee, Berkeley, 25 February 2013; Seventh Annual Conference of Retail Consumer Co-operative Managers, Cambridge Massachusetts, USA, Panel on Board, Management, Employee and Union Relations, 2–5 June 1957, BANC MSS 90/140 c, Carton 23, Folder 31, Consumers Co-operative of Berkeley papers.
32.Battilani and Schröter, “Introduction,” 5; Birchall, People-Centred Businesses, 171–72; Johnston Birchall, The International Co-operative Movement (Manchester: University of Manchester Press, 1997), 21–22.
33.Derek Jones, “American Producer Cooperatives and Employee-Owned Firms: A Historical Perspective,” in Worker Cooperatives in America, ed. Robert Jackall and Henry M. Levin (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1984), 37–56; Robert Weir, “Knights of Labor,” in The Oxford Encyclopedia of American Business, Labor & Economic History, vol. 2, ed. Melvyn Dubofsky (New York: Oxford University Press, 2013), 421–23.
34.Birchall, People-Centred Businesses, 30, 175; Richard O’Leary, Greg Patmore and Alberto Zevi, “National Co-operative Organisations in Australia and Italy,” in Cooperative Enterprises in Australia and Italy: Comparative Analysis and Theoretical Insights, ed. Anthony Jensen, Greg Patmore and Ermanno Tortia (Florence, Italy: Firenze University Press, 2015), 38–40, 46; Hank Thomas and Chris Logan, Mondragon: An Economic Analysis (London: George Allen and Unwin, 1982), 20–21.
35.Branko Pribiæeviæ, The Shop Steward Movement and Workers’ Control 1910–1922 (Oxford, UK; Basil Blackwell, 1959), 1.
36.Ken Coates, Work-ins, Sit-ins and Industrial Democracy (Nottingham: Spokesman, 1981); Greg Patmore, Worker Voice: Employee Representation in the Workplace in Australia, Canada, Germany, the UK and the US 1914–1939 (Liverpool: Liverpool University Press, 2016), 69.
37.Verity Burgmann, Ray Jureidini and Meredith Burgmann, “Doing without the Boss: Workers’ Control Experiments in Australia in the 1970s,” Labour History, no. 103 (November 2012): 108–11; Curl, For All the People, 32–33: Frederico Rossi, “Building Factories without Bosses: The Movement of Worker-Managed Factories in Argentina,” Social Movement Studies 14, no. 1 (2015): 98–99.
38.Jenny Thornley, “Workers’ Co-operatives and Trade Unions: The Italian Experience,” Economic and Industrial Democracy 4, no. 3 (1983): 321–44.
39.Marina Albanese and Anthony Jensen, “Worker Co-operatives in Australia and Italy,” in Jensen, Patmore and Tortia, Cooperative Enterprises in Australia and Italy, 98–99, 104–105, 110–11; Birchall, The International Co-operative Movement, 98; Ian Seda-Irizarry, “Crisis, Class, and Cooperatives: Some Comments on the United Steelworkers-Mondragón Alliance,” Rethinking Marxism 23, no. 3 (2011): 378.
40.Newcastle Chronicle and Hunter District News, 21 August 1861, 3.
41.Sydney Mail, 12 October 1861, 2–3.
42.Robin Gollan, The Coalminers of New South Wales: A History of the Union, 1860–1960 (Parkville: Melbourne University Press, 1963), 39; Gary Lewis, A Middle Way: Rochdale Consumer Co-operatives in New South Wales 1859–1986 (Sydney: Australian Association of Co-operatives, 1992), 10–11.
43.Lewis, A Middle Way, 10.
44.Johnston Birchall, Co-op: The People’s Business (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1994), 102–107.
45.Monaco and Pastorelli, “Trade Unions and Worker Cooperatives in Europe,” 7.
46.Thornley, “Worker Co-operatives and Trade Unions,” 335.
47.Ibid., 332.
48.Sydney Webb and Beatrice Webb, “Co-operative Production and Profit Sharing,” New Statesman, Special Supplement (14 February 1914): 21.
49.Wetzel and Gallagher, “A Conceptual Analysis of Labour Relations,” 521.
50.Markey, Balnave and Patmore, “Worker Directors and Worker Ownership/Cooperatives,” 251.
51.Chris Cornforth, “Trade Unions and Producer Co-operatives,” Economic and Industrial Democracy 3, no. 1 (1982): 17–30; Rob Paton, “Worker Takeovers of Failing and Bankrupt Enterprises in Europe,” in The International Handbook of Participation, vol. 2, ed. Raymond Russell and Velijko Rus (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1991), 28–42.
52.Birchall, Co-op, 62–63; Mary Hilson, “A Consumers’ International? The International Cooperative Alliance and Cooperative Internationalism, 1918–1939: A Nordic Perspective,” International Review of Social History 56, no. 2 (2011): 210–14; Robert Truehaft, Left-Wing Political Activist and Progressive Leader in the Berkeley Co-op (Berkeley: Berkeley Historical Society, 1990), 79–80.
54.Newsweek, 24 February 1969, 22–23; Proclamations by Ronald Reagan, Governor of California, 5 February 1969, 20 February 1969, 22 May 1969, 2 June 1969; Telegram Charles Hitch to Ronald Reagan, 5 February 1969, folder Proclamations: Berkeley Riots (1/2), Box GO 73, Legal Affairs Unit, Ronald Reagan Governor’s Papers (hereafter Reagan Papers), Ronald Reagan Library.
55.Letter from Ronald Reagan to A. Watkins, 3 February 1969, Research File Education: Campus Unrest, Berkeley, 1969 (1/2), Box GO 156, Reagan Papers.
56.Affidavit by Governor Ronald Reagan, 22 May 1969, Proclamation by Ronald Reagan, Governor of California, 22 May 1969, folder Proclamations: Berkeley Riots (1/2), Box GO 73, Legal Affairs Unit, Reagan Papers; Berkeley Barb, 18–24 April 1969, 2; Leaflet, “Life and Death,” 16 May 1969, folder Campus Disturbances: UC Berkeley (1/2), Box GO 76, Legal Affairs Unit, Reagan Papers; Report “The ‘People’s Park’: A Report on a Confrontation at Berkeley, California Submitted to Governor Ronald Reagan,” Office of the Governor State of California, 1 July 1969, Box GO 73, Legal Affairs Unit, Reagan Papers; Speech Transcript, Commonwealth Club, San Francisco, 13 June 1969, folder Education: Campus Unrest: General, 1969 (3/3), Box GO 156, Research Files (Molly Sturgis Tuthill), Reagan Papers.
58.Speech Transcript, Commonwealth Club, San Francisco, 13 June 1969, folder Education: Campus Unrest: General, 1969 (3/3), Box GO 156, Research Files (Molly Sturgis Tuthill), Reagan Papers.
59.Proclamations by Ronald Reagan, Governor of California, 2 June 1969, folder Proclamation: Berkeley Riots (1/2), Box GO 73, Legal Affairs Unit, Reagan Papers.
60.Consumers Co-operative of Berkeley, Board of Directors Meeting, 26 May 1969, BANC MSS 90/140c, Carton 6, Folder 2, Consumers Co-operative of Berkeley papers; Co-op News (Berkeley), 23 June 1969, 1–2; 30 June 1969, 1–3; New York Times, 25 May 1969, E13.
61.Birchall, Co-op, 114–16; Hilson, “Consumers and Politics,” 11–18; Hilson, “A Consumers’ International,” 212–13; T. W. Mercer, Co-operative Representatives in Parliament (Manchester: Co-operative Union. 1924), 8.
62.Birchall, Co-op, 132.
63.Seymour Martin Lipset, Agrarian Socialism: The Cooperative Commonwealth Federation in Saskatchewan: A Study in Political Sociology (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1971); MacPherson, Each for All, 118; Ian MacPherson, “The CCF and the Co-operative Movement in the Douglas Years: An Uneasy Alliance,” in Building the Co-operative Commonwealth: Essays on the Democratic Socialist Tradition in Canada, ed. William Brennan (Regina: University of Regina, 1984), 181–203.
64.George Bain and Farouk Elsheikh, Union Growth and the Business Cycle: An Econometric Analysis (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1976), 95; Nikola Balnave and Greg Patmore, “Rochdale Consumer Co-operatives in Australia: Decline and Survival,” Business History 54, no. 6 (2012): 991–92; Ray Markey, “An Antipodean Phenomenon: Comparing the Labo(u)r Party in New Zealand and Australia,” Labour History, no. 95 (November 2008): 69–95.
65.“‘Practical Utopians’: Rochdale Consumer Co-Operatives in Australia and New Zealand,” no. 95 (November 2008): 105–106.
66.Balnave and Patmore, “Rochdale Consumer Co-operatives in Australia,” 991.
67.Ibid.; Lewis, A Middle Way, 79; The Co-operative News (Sydney), 1 February 1940, 12.
68.Balnave and Patmore, “Rochdale Consumer Co-operatives in Australia,” 991; Lewis, A Middle Way, 232; Parliament of Australia, Recommendations, Co-operative, Mutual and Member-Owned Firms Report 2016, accessed April 2017, http://www.aph.gov.au/Parliamentary_Business/Committees/Senate/Economics/Cooperatives/Report/b03; Greg Patmore, Australian Labour History (Melbourne: Longman Cheshire, 1991), 91–96.
69.Joseph Knapp, The Advance of American Co-operative Enterprise 1920–1945 (Danville, Ill.: Interstate Printers and Publishers, 1973), 377–78, 391; J. Carroll Moody and Gilbert Fite, The Credit Union Movement: Origins and Development, 1850–1970 (Lincoln, Nebr.: University of Nebraska Press, 1971), ch. 7.
70.Berkeley Historical Society, A Conversation with Robert Neptune (Berkeley, Cal.: Berkeley Historical Society, 1996), 22–23.