Footnotes
1.For example,Neal Lawson, “Social Democracy without Social Democrats: How Can the Left Recover?” New Statesman, 12 May2016, accessed March2018,https://www.newstatesman.com/politics/staggers/2016/05/social-democracy-without-social-democrats-how-can-left-recover; “Rose, Thou Art Sick,”Economist, 2 April2016, accessed March2018,https://www.economist.com/news/briefing/21695887-centre-left-sharp-decline-across-europe-rose-thou-art-sick;Ashley Lavelle, The Death of Social Democracy: Political Consequences in the 21st Century(:Ashgate, 2008); Poul Nyrup Rasmussen and Udo Bullmann, “The Social Democracy to Come,”Social Europe: Occasional Paper 11(October2016), accessed March2018,https://www.socialeurope.eu/book/op-11-social-democracy-come.
2.Geoff Eley, Forging Democracy: The History of the Left in Europe, 1850–2000(:Oxford University Press, 2002), 287;Peter Gourevitch, Politics in Hard Times: Comparative Responses to International Economic Crises(:Cornell University Press, 1986); Stuart Macintyre, Australia‘sBoldest Experiment: War and Reconstruction in the 1940s(:NewSouth, 2015).
3.Sheri Berman, The Primacy of Politics: Social Democracy and the Making of Europe’s Twentieth Century(:Cambridge University Press, 2006), esp. ch.7.
4.Winton Higgins andGeoff Dow, Politics against Pessimism: Social Democratic Possibilities since Ernst Wigforss(:Peter Lang, 2013), 20.
5.Erik Olssen, The Red Feds: Revolutionary Industrial Unionism and the New Zealand Federation of Labour 1908–14(:Oxford University Press, 1988);Peter Franks andJim McAloon, Labour: The New Zealand Labour Party 1916–2016(:Victoria University Press, 2016).
6.Ian Turner, Industrial Labour and Politics: The Dynamics of the Labour Movement in Eastern Australia 1900–21(:Hale &Iremonger, 1979);Ross McMullin, Light on the Hill: The Australian Labor Party 1891–1991(:Oxford University Press, 1991).
7.Berman, Primacy of Politics;Donald Sassoon, One Hundred Years of Socialism: The West European Left in the Twentieth Century(:Fontana, 1987).
8.Christopher Lloyd, “Regime Change in Australian Capitalism: Towards a Historical Political Economy of Regulation,” Australian Economic History Review 42, no.3(2002):238–66.
9.Marian Sawer, “Andrew Fisher and the Era of Liberal Reform,” Labour History, no.102(May2012):71–86.
10.Terry Irving, “Labourism: A Political Genealogy,” Labour History, no.66(May1994):1–13.
11.Tim Battin, “Keynesianism, Socialism, and Labourism, and the Role of Ideas in Labor Ideology,” Labour History, no.66(May1994):33–44.
12.Sawer, The Ethical State? Social Liberalism in Australia(:Melbourne University Press, 2003), 13.
13.Sawer, “Andrew Fisher and the Era of Liberal Reform.”
14.Donald E. Moggridge, Maynard Keynes: An Economist’s Biography(:Routledge, 1992), 452.
15.James Bennett, Rats and Revolutionaries: The Labour Movement in Australia and New Zealand 1880–1940(:University of Otago Press, 2004), 140; generally,P. J. O’Farrell, Harry Holland: Militant Socialist(:Australian National University Press, 2004).
16.Munro, New Zealand Parliamentary Debates(NZPD) 195 (1922):430.
17.Howard, NZPD 191(1921): 324–32; Howard, NZPD 196(1922): 752. Howard relied on theEconomistfor access to both McKenna and Cassel’s thought.
18.McCombs, NZPD 196(1922):646.
19.McCombs, NZPD 218(1928): 209; William Trufant Foster and Waddill Catchings, Profits(:Houghton Mifflin, 1925).
20.Quoted byMcCombs, NZPD 218(1928):210–11.
21.McCombs, NZPD 227(1931):166–75.
22.McCombs, NZPD 231(1932):340.
23.Holland, NZPD 209(1926):671–73.
24.Holland, NZPD 233(1932):59–71.
25.Holland, NZPD 231(1932):167–78.
26.Malcolm McKinnon, The Broken Decade: Prosperity, Depression and Recovery in New Zealand 1928–39(:University of Otago Press, 2016), 351.
27.Nash, NZPD 224(1930):44–48.
28.Moggridge, Maynard Keynes, 481, 490–95, 507–18; Nash, NZPD 231(1932):247–50.
29.Walter Nash, Financial Power in New Zealand: The Case for a State Bank(:New Zealand Worker, 1925).
30.Nash, NZPD 224(1930):44–48.
31. Ibid., 330–34.
32.Nash, NZPD 233(1932): 86–90; Nash, Financial Power in New Zealand.
33.A. G. B. Fisher, Economic Self-Sufficiency(:Clarendon Press, 1939), 5.
34.The affirmations are given in Nash, NZPD 237(1933):246–47.
35.SeeDonald Markwell, John Maynard Keynes and International Relations: Economic Paths to War and Peace(:Oxford University Press, 2006), 152–65, quote at165.
36.John King, “From Giblin to Kalecki: The Export Multiplier and the Balance of Payments Constraint on Economic Growth, 1930–1933,” History of Economics Review 42, no.1(1998):62–71.
37.Francis G. Castles, The Social Democratic Image of Society: A Study of the Achievements and Origins of Scandinavian Social Democracy in Comparative Perspective(:Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1978); Sassoon, One Hundred Years of Socialism.
38.Göran Therborn, “A Unique Chapter in the History of Democracy: The Social Democrats in Sweden,”inCreating Social Democracy: A Century of the Social Democratic Labor Party in Sweden, ed.Klaus Misgeld,Karl Molin andKlas Åmark(:Pennsylvania State University Press, 1992), 17. For an older discussion, seeHerbert Tingsten, The Swedish Social Democrats: Their Ideological Development(:Bedminster Press, 1973).
39.Higgins andDow, Politics against Pessimism, 99.
40.Villy Bergström, “Party Program and Economic Policy: The Social Democrats in Government,”inMisgeld,Molin andÅmark, Creating Social Democracy, 136.
41.Higgins andDow, Politics against Pessimism, 99.
42. Ibid., 132.
43. Ibid., 188–89.
44. Ibid., 105–106, 131–34, 188–89.
45.Martin Kragh, “The ‘Wigforss Connection’: The Stockholm School vs. Keynes Debate Revisited,” European Journal of the History of Economic Thought 21, no.4(2014):4.
46.Sven Anders Söderpalm, “The Crisis Agreement and the Social Democratic Road to Power,”inSweden’s Development from Poverty to Affluence, ed.Steven Koblik(:University of Minnesota Press, 1975), 265–66.
47.Higgins andDow, Politics against Pessimism, 120–22.
48. Ibid., 131.
49. Ibid., 141.
50.Tingsten, The Swedish Social Democrats, 279–80.
51.Higgins andDow, Politics against Pessimism, 114–18;Moggridge, Maynard Keynes, 390–93.
52.Higgins andDow, Politics against Pessimism, 120.
53.Carl G. Uhr, “Economists and Policymaking 1930–1936: Sweden’s Experience,” History of Political Economy 9, no.1(1977):89–121.
54.Bent Hansen, “Unemployment, Keynes, and the Stockholm School,” History of Political Economy 13, no.2(1981): 256–77; Otto Steiger, “Bertil Ohlin and the Origins of the Keynesian Revolution,”History of Political Economy 8, no.3(1976): 341–66; Don Patinkin, “On the Relation between Keynesian Economics and the ‘Stockholm School,’”Scandinavian Journal of Economics 80, no.2(1978):135–37.
55.Hansen, “Unemployment, Keynes, and the Stockholm School”; Eskil Wadensjö, “The Committee on Unemployment and the Stockholm School,”inThe Stockholm School of Economics Revisited, ed.Lars Jonung(:Cambridge University Press, 1991), 113–17; Bo Gustafsson, “Comment,” inJonung, The Stockholm School, 124–28.
56.Kragh, “The Wigforss Connection,”11–12; see alsoLeif Lewin, “The Debate on Economic Planning,”inKoblik, ed.Sweden’s Development from Poverty to Affluence, 284–85.
57.Higgins andDow, Politics against Pessimism, 143–47.
58.Kragh, “The Wigforss Connection,”16–18, 24; Wadensjö, “The Committee on Unemployment and the Stockholm School,” 116;Otto Steiger, “Comment,”inJonung, The Stockholm School, 130–32;Carl G. Uhr, “The Emergence of the ‘New Economics’ in Sweden: A Review of a Study by Otto Steiger,” History of Political Economy 5, no.1(1973):246–48.
59.Kragh, “The Wigforss Connection,” 18.
60.Higgins andDow, Politics against Pessimism, 151.
61. Ibid., 152.
62.Donald Winch, “The Keynesian Revolution in Sweden,” Journal of Political Economy 74, no.2(1966):170–72.
63.Bede Nairn, Civilising Capitalism: The Beginnings of the Australian Labor Party(:Melbourne University Press, 1989), 193.
64.Ross McMullin, Light on the Hill: The Australian Labor Party 1891–1991(:Oxford University Press, 1991), 75.
65.D. A. Hamer, The New Zealand Liberals: The Years of Power 1891–1912(:Auckland University Press, 1988).
66.Sawer, “Andrew Fisher and the Era of Liberal Reform,” 71.
67.McMullin, Light on the Hill, 126–27.
68.J. R. Robertson, J. H. Scullin: A Political Biography(:University of Western Australia Press, 1974), 77–80, 111–14;Peter Love, Labor and the Money Power: Australian Labour Populism, 1890–1950(:Melbourne University Press, 1984), 109.
69.Robertson, J. H. Scullin, 197.
70.Ross Fitzgerald, “Red Ted”: The Life of E. G. Theodore(:University of Queensland Press, 1994), 233and generally233–36.
71.Love, Labor and the Money Power, 85.
72.McMullin, Light on the Hill, 158.
73.Bruce J. McFarlane, Professor Irvine’s Economics in Australian Labour History, 1913–1933(:Australian Society for the Study of Labour History, 1996), 22.
74.Quoted Fitzgerald, Red Ted, 238.
75.C. B. Schedvin, Australia and the Great Depression(:Sydney University Press, 1970), 172–75.
76.Fitzgerald, Red Ted, 277–78.
77. Ibid., 279.
78. Ibid., 223, 278.
79. Ibid., 280–83;McFarlane, Professor Irvine’s Economics, 59–60.
80.See, generally,McFarlane, Professor Irvine’s Economics.
81. Ibid., appendix3.
82.Fitzgerald, Red Ted, 280–83.
83.McFarlane, Professor Irvine’s Economics, 22.
84.Fitzgerald, Red Ted, 292–93;McMullin, Light on the Hill, 166–69.
85.Love, Labor and the Money Power, 112.
86.McMullin, Light on the Hill, 174.
87.Bede Nairn, The “Big Fella”: Jack Lang and the Australian Labor Party 1891–1949(:Melbourne University Press, 1986), 223.
88.McMullin, Light on the Hill, ch.8.
89.James Scullin, election speech delivered at Richmond, Vic., 15 August1934, Australian Federal Election Speeches, Museum of Australian Democracy, accessed March2018,http://electionspeeches.moadoph.gov.au/speeches/1934-james-scullin.
90.Love, Labor and the Money Power, 145.
91.Bennett, Rats and Revolutionaries, 138.
92.Alex Millmow, The Power of Economic Ideas: The Origins of Keynesian Macroeconomic Management in Interwar Australia 1929–1939(:ANU E-Press, 2010), 214.
93.Love, Labor and the Money Power, 145.
94.Millmow, The Power of Economic Ideas, 212.
95. Ibid., 215–16.
96.Selwyn Cornish, “Sir Edward Ronald Walker,”inA Biographical Dictionary of Australian and New Zealand Economists, ed.J. E. King(:Edward Elgar, 2007), 295–99.
97.Millmow, The Power of Economic Ideas, 215.
98. Ibid., 216.
99.Macintyre, Australia’s Boldest Experiment, 13–14.
100.Greg Whitwell, The Treasury Line(:Allen and Unwin, 1986), 65.
101.Cornish, “Sir Edward Ronald Walker.”See, generally, Macintyre, Australia’s Boldest Experiment.
102.Tim Rowse, Nugget Coombs: A Reforming Life(:Cambridge University Press, 2002), 87–90.
103.Love, Labor and the Money Power, 150.
104.Margaret Weir andTheda Skocpol, “State Structures and the Possibilities for ‘Keynesian’ Responses to the Great Depression in Sweden, Britain, and the United States,”inBringing the State Back In, ed.Peter B. Evans, Dietrich Rueschemeyer and Theda Skocpol (:Cambridge University Press, 1985), 108.
105.John Maynard Keynes, The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money(:Macmillan, 1970), 33.
107.Results for the general election of the Australian House of Representatives, 23 October1937, are available on the Australian Politics and Elections Database, University of Western Australia, accessed March2018,http://elections.uwa.edu.au.
108.Leslie Lipson, The Politics of Equality: New Zealand’s Adventures in Democracy(:Victoria University Press, 2011), 210.
109.John Singleton, Central Banking in the Twentieth Century(:Cambridge University Press, 2011), 63–64.
110.McKinnon, The Broken Decade, chs8–9.
111.Francis G. Castles, Australian Public Policy and Economic Vulnerability: A Comparative and Historical Perspective(:Allen &Unwin, 1988), 128–32.
112.R H Tawney, quoted inLawrence Goldman, The Life of R. H. Tawney: Socialism and History(:Bloomsbury, 2014), 156.