Footnotes
*The author would like to thankLabour History’stwo anonymous referees and the editors of this special issue.
1.Daniel Wheeler, Extracts from the Letters and Journal of Daniel Wheeler, While Engaged in a Religious Visit to the Inhabitants of Some of the Islands of the Pacific Ocean, Van Diemen’s Land, New South Wales and New Zealand, Accompanied By His Son, Charles Wheeler(:Harvey and Darton, 1839), 215. This book was also published in Philadelphia, 1840.
2.Manuela Boatcă, “Coloniality of Labor in the Global Periphery: Latin America and Eastern Europe in the World System,” Review: A Journal of the Fernand Braudel Center 36, no.3–4(2013):287.
3.Wheeler, Extracts, 215.
4.Ronald Takaki, Pau Hana: Plantation Life and Labor in Hawaii(:University of Hawaii Press, 1983), 3–21.
5.R. S. Kuykendall, The Hawaiian Kingdom(:University of Hawaii Press, 1965), 175;Edward Joesting, Kauai: The Separate Kingdom(:University of Hawaii Press, 1984), 130–31.
6.Jennifer Fish Kashay, “Agents of Imperialism: Missionaries and Merchants in Early-Nineteenth-Century Hawaii,” The New England Quarterly 80, no. (2007):289–90.
7.Kuykendall, The Hawaiian Kingdom, 178–79.
8.Hiram Bingham, A Residence of Twenty-One Years in the Sandwich Islands; or, A Civil, Religious, and Political History of Those Islands(:Sherman Converse, 1848), 490–96. In these pages, Bingham quotes at length from a “memorial” on the “useful arts” drawn up by the ABCFM. See alsoKuykendall, The Hawaiian Kingdom, 176–78.
9.Doug Munro, “The Pacific Islands Labour Trade: Approaches, Methodologies, Debates,” Slavery and Abolition 14, no.2(1993):87–108;Carole A. Maclennan, “Hawaiians Turn to Sugar: The Rise of Plantation Centres 1860–1880,” Hawaiian Journal of History 31(1997):97–125.
10.Carol A. MacLennan, “The Foundations of Sugar’s Power: Early Maui Plantations, 1840–1860,” The Hawaiian Journal of History 29(1995):33.
11.Joel Quirk, The Anti-Slavery Project: From the Slave Trade to Human Trafficking(:University of Pennsylvania Press, 2011), 82.
12.Jason Moore, “Sugar and the Expansion of the Early Modern World-Economy: Commodity Frontiers, Ecological Transformation, and Industrialization,” Review: A Journal of the Fernand Braudel Center 23, no.3(2000):409–410.
13.Walter Johnson, “The Pedestal and the Veil: Rethinking the Capitalism/Slavery Question,” Journal of the Early Republic 24, no.2(2004):300.
14.Committee of the Meeting for Sufferings to Correspond with Friends Travelling on Religious Service in Foreign Parts, Minutes from 16 February 1835 to 2 September 1836, no. 47, TEMP MSS Box 13/1, p.1, Minutes of the Committee to Correspond with Friends Travelling Abroad, Library of the Society of Friends (LSF), Friends House, London. On the Quaker administrative body the “Meeting for Sufferings,” seeJohn R. Knott, “Joseph Besse and the Quaker Culture of Suffering,” Prose Studies: History, Theory, Criticism 17, no.3(1994):126;Margaret Abruzzo, Polemical Pain: Slavery Cruelty, and the Rise of Humanitarianism(:Johns Hopkins University Press, 2011), 38.
15.Bingham, A Residence of Twenty-One Years, 480.
16.Wheeler, Extracts.
17. Ibid., 215.
19.Wheeler, Extracts, 211.
20.Takaki, Pau Hana, 5–6;Kukendall, The Hawaiian Kingdom, 175.
21.Lawrence Kessler, “A Plantation upon a Hill; Or, Sugar Without Rum: Hawai’i’s Missionaries and the Founding of the Sugar Plantation System,” Pacific Historical Review 84, no.2(2015):135.
22.Bingham, A Residence of Twenty-One Years, 490–96. See alsoKuykendall, The Hawaiian Kingdom, 176–78.
23.Bingham, A Residence of Twenty-One Years, 494.
24.William Hooper, diary 12 September 1836, reproduced as excerpt in Takaki, Pau Hana, 5.
25.Wheeler’s voyage was connected to the Parliamentary Select Committee on Aboriginal Tribes (British Settlements) through the Meeting for Sufferings editorial sub-committee member William Allen, a significant member of the Aborigines Protection Society’s committee. Wheeler was made an honorary member of the Aborigines Protection Society upon his return to London in1839.
26.Daniel Wheeler, Effects of the Introduction of ardent spirits and implements of war, amongst the natives of some of the South-Sea islands and New South Wales: extracted from the letters and journal of Daniel Wheeler, a minister of the Society of Friends, who has recently returned from a religious visit to the inhabitants of those places(:Harvey and Darton, 1839).
27.Bingham, A Residence of Twenty-One Years, 480. Bingham here considers “the rulers” to be King Kamehameha III and Kinau, as well as Kuakini.
28.Extracts of the Minutes of the General Meeting of the Sandwich Islands’ Mission, Held at Honolulu, June and July 1836(:Mission Press, 1836), 16.
29.Wheeler, Extracts, 163–64.
30. Ibid., 165–66.
31.Charles Wheeler, Letter from Island of Tauai, 20 June 1836, reproduced excerpt in Daniel Wheeler, Memoir of the Life and Gospel Labours of the Late Daniel Wheeler, a Minister of the Society of Friends(:Harvey and Darton, 1842), 774.
32.David Harvey, The New Imperialism: Accumulation by Dispossession(:Oxford University Press, 2003).
33.Albert O. Hirschman, The Passions and the Interests: Political Arguments for Capitalism Before Its Triumph(:Princeton University Press, 1977).
34.Albert O. Hirschman, “Rival Interpretations of Market Society: Civilizing, Destructive, or Feeble?” Journal of Economic Literature 20, no.4(1982):1464–66.
35.Andreas Hess, “Radical Protestantism andDoux Commerce: The Trials and Tribulations of Nantucket’s Quaker Whaling Community,” Economy and Society 41, no.2(2012):251.
36. Ibid., 249–50.
37.The Friend()10, no.49(September1837), 388. Interestingly, The Friendalso published Wheeler’s Pacific voyage episodes in 1836 and 1837. SeeThe Friend 9, nos.26–37(1836) and vol.10, nos.13–20(1837).
38.Wheeler, Memoir, 43.
39.Bingham, A Residence of Twenty-One Years, 489.
40.Kuykendall, The Hawaiian Kingdom, 175.
41.Joesting, Kauai, 132.
42.Daniel Wheeler to Samuel Smith, Letter 2 February 1820, reproduced as an excerpt in Wheeler, Memoir, 84.
43. Ibid.
45.Wheeler, Memoir, 84–85.
47.Charles Wheeler, Notebook, 7 May 1835, TEMP MSS 366, Box 3, no. 4, item 5, p.187, LSF.
48.Bingham, A Residence of Twenty-One Years, 491–92.
49.William A. Green, British Slave Emancipation(:Clarendon Press, 1976), 152–53; SeeJoseph Sturge andThomas Harvey, The West Indies in 1837: Being the Journal of a Visit to Antigua, Montserrat, Dominica, St Lucia, Barbados and Jamaica, Undertaken for the Purpose of Ascertaining the Actual Condition of the Negro Population of Those Islands(:Hamilton, Adams, and co., 1838).
50.Seymour Drescher, The Mighty Experiment: Free Labor Versus Slavery in British Emancipation(:Oxford University Press, 2002), 144.
51. Ibid., 6.
52.Thomas N. Tyson,David Oldroyd,Richard K. Fleischman, “Accounting Coercion and Social Control during Apprenticeship: Converting Slave Workers into Wage Workers in the British West Indies,” The Accounting Historian’s Journal 32, no.2(2005):207.
53.O. N. Bolland, “The Politics of Freedom in the British Caribbean,”inThe Meaning of Freedom: Economics, Politics and Culture After Slavery, ed.Frank Mc Glynn andSeymour Drescher(:University of Pittsburgh Press, 1992), 118.
54.Edward, D. Beechert, Working in Hawaii: A Labor History(:University of Hawaii Press, 1985), 22.
55.Charles Wheeler, Notebook, TEMP MSS 366 Box 3, no 4, item 8, LSF.
56.Claude Levy, Emancipation, Sugar, and Federalism: Barbados and the West Indies, 1833–1876(:University Presses of Florida, 1980), 38.
57. Ibid., 39.
58.Charles Wheeler, Notebook, MSS 366 Box 3 no. 4, Item 8, p.529, LSF.
59.John Rous, A Warning to the Inhabitants of Barbados, Who Live in Pride, Drunkenness, Covetousnesse, Oppression and Deceitful-Dealings; and to All Who are Found Acting in the Same Excess(, 1656); andRichard Pinder, A Loving Invitation (to Repentance and Amendments of Life) unto All the Inhabitants of the Island of Barbados; Before of the Lords Sore Judgment Come upon Them Which is Seen to be Nigh, and Which They Cannot Escape, Except Fruits Meet for Repentance, and Amendment of Life Brought Forth; With Something More Particularly to the Heads, and Owners, of Several Plantations(:Robert Wilson, 1660).
60.Charles Wheeler, “Notebook,”MSS 366 Box 3 no.4, Item 8, p.171, LSF.
61.The gathering was attended byKamehameha III, Kinau, Rev.John Diell, the seamen’s chaplain, Rev. Beaver of the Hudson Bay Company, Rev. Daniel Lee of the Lower Oregon Methodist Mission, Rev. Samuel Parker, the Hudson Bay Company explorer recently returned from the Colombia River expedition, andPeter A. Brinsmade,partner in Ladd & Co.and a leaseholder for Koloa Plantation.Bingham, A Residence of Twenty-One Years, 479. Bingham did not note the attendance of Kamehameha III and Kinau.Wheeler, Extracts, 169. Wheeler did not list the missionaries and businesspeople in attendance.
62.Report of Koloa, June 1836, and Report of Koloa, 1837,“Mission Station Reports – Kauai – Koloa – 1835–1871,” Hawaiian Mission Houses Digital Archive, accessed October2017,https://hmha.missionhouses.org/items/show/827.
63.Wheeler had donated a keg of nails to the building of the schoolhouse and Gulick sought to barter the excess nails for other materials. Peter Gulick to Levi Chamberlain, Letter 13 July 1836,“Gulick, Peter – Letters – 1836–1838 – to Depository,” Hawaiian Mission Houses Digital Archive, accessed October 2017,https://hmha.missionhouses.org/items/show/544.
64.For example, in early 1836, Gulick requested sandpaper, a tin container for milk, but if not available a wooden one would do, a spade, a cart as the one borrowed from Waimea had worn-out wheels, and he put in a plea for Koloa to be remembered if any excess timber were available. SeePeter Gulick to Levi Chamberlain, Letters 5 January1836, 10 February1836, 28 March1836, 29 April 1836, “Gulick, Peter – Letters – 1836–1838 – to Depository.”
65.See Wheeler, Extracts, 171. Wheeler encouraged the ABCFM representatives at the gathering to “examine whether our justice is complete in the fear and love of God, and to our fellow-men, lest we should be deceiving ourselves and endangering the well-being of our own immortal souls.”
66.Charles Wheeler, Notebook, TEMP MSS 366 Box 3, no 4, item 8, LSF.
67.Theodore Dwight Weld, The Bible Against Slavery: An Inquiry in the Patriarchal and Mosaic Systems on the Subject of Human Rights(:American Anti-Slavery Society, 1838), 9.
68. Ibid., emphasis in the original.
69. Ibid., 10–11.
70. Ibid., 9.
71. Ibid., 215.
72. Ibid.